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Nucleic Acids the Building Blocks of Life 1

The document outlines learning objectives for Grade-10 students, focusing on defining terms related to circles and explaining the structure and function of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). It details the characteristics, functions, and differences between DNA and RNA, including their roles in protein synthesis and heredity. The document emphasizes the importance of nucleic acids in genetic information and continuity of life.

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laurence.u.aldea
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6 views

Nucleic Acids the Building Blocks of Life 1

The document outlines learning objectives for Grade-10 students, focusing on defining terms related to circles and explaining the structure and function of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). It details the characteristics, functions, and differences between DNA and RNA, including their roles in protein synthesis and heredity. The document emphasizes the importance of nucleic acids in genetic information and continuity of life.

Uploaded by

laurence.u.aldea
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

WELCOME TO

ANOTHER
JOURNEY OF
LEARNING!
Let’s have
a Recap!
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, 80 % of the
Grade-10 students should be able to:

a. define the different


terms related to circle
—radius, diameter,
chord, semicircle,
minor and major arc,
and central and
inscribed angle,
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, 80% of the
Grade-10 students should be able to:
a. explain the
structure and
function of
nucleic acids
(DNA & RNA),

b. illustrate the
different terms
related to circle—
radius, diameter,
chord, semicircle,
minor and major
arc, and central and
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the student
should be able to:
a. explain the b.
structure and differentiate
function of DNA and RNA
nucleic acids based on
(DNA & RNA), their
components,
structure, and
functions, and
b. differentiate c. apply the
concave from different
terms in real-
convex mirror;
life situation.
and
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, 80% of the
Grade-10 students should be able to:
a. explain the b. differentiate c. determine the
structure and DNA and RNA importance of
function of based on their nucleic acids in
nucleic acids components, heredity and the
(DNA & RNA), structure, and continuity of
functions, and life.
Nucleic
Acids: The
Building
Blocks of
What are nucleic
acids?
Naturally occurring chemical compound
that serves as the main information-
carrying molecule of the cell and that
directs the process of protein synthesis,
thereby determining the inherited
characteristics of every living thing.
 Two main types: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic
Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
What are nucleic
 acids?
Nucleic acids are further defined by
their ability to be broken down to yield
phosphoric acid, sugars, and a mixture
of organic bases (purines and
pyrimidines).
 Each nucleic acid contains four of five
possible nitrogen-containing bases:
adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C),
Basic Structure of Nucleic
Acids
 Made up of nucleotides
 Each nucleotide contains:
 Sugar molecule
 Phosphate group
 Nitrogenous base
 Forms a long chain-like structure
DNA Structure
 Double helix structure
 Like a twisted ladder
 Sugar-phosphate backbone forms the
sides
 Base pairs form the rungs
 Bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T),
Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)
 A pairs with T, G pairs with C
RNA Structure
 Single-stranded molecule
 Similar components to DNA but with key
differences
 Uses ribose sugar instead of
deoxyribose
 Contains Uracil (U) instead of Thymine
(T)
Feature DNA (Deoxyribonucleic RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Acid)
Structure Double-stranded (double Single-stranded
helix)
Sugar Deoxyribose (lacks one Ribose (has one extra
oxygen) oxygen atom)
Nitrogen Bases Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Adenine (A), Uracil (U),
Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)

Function Stores genetic information Helps in protein synthesis


and passes it to the next (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
generation
Location Mostly in the nucleus Found in the nucleus and
(some in mitochondria) cytoplasm

Stability More stable, less likely to Less stable, degrades


break down easily

Types Only one type (DNA) Three types (mRNA, tRNA,


rRNA)
Functions of DNA
 Stores genetic information
 Contains instructions for making
proteins
 Passes traits from parents to
offspring
 Self-replicates during cell division
 Remains in the nucleus
Functions of RNA
 Helps create proteins
 Three types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
 Carries DNA's message
 Works in protein synthesis
 Moves between nucleus and
cytoplasm
DNA Replication
 Process of making DNA copies
 Occurs during cell division
 Uses enzyme DNA polymerase
 Creates identical DNA molecules
 Ensures genetic continuity
Transcription: DNA to
RNA
 DNA information copied to mRNA
 Occurs in the nucleus
 Uses specific base pairing
 Creates messenger RNA
 First step in protein synthesis
Translation: RNA to
Protein
mRNA message decoded
Occurs in ribosomes
Uses genetic code
Creates proteins
Proteins perform cell functions
Activity: Decode a simple genetic
message
DNA as the Cookbook
A cookbook contains many recipes,
just like DNA contains many genes.
Each gene is a specific recipe for
making a protein. Just as different
recipes make different dishes,
different genes make different
proteins (like insulin, hemoglobin,
and enzymes).
Transcription: Copying the
Recipe
Imagine you want to make a cake, but you
can’t take the entire cookbook to the kitchen.
Instead, you copy the recipe onto a notepad.
In the cell, this is called transcription:DNA
(cookbook) stays safe in the nucleus
(library).A messenger RNA (mRNA) copy of a
gene (recipe) is made. This mRNA leaves the
nucleus and goes to the ribosome (kitchen).
Translation: Cooking the
Dish
Now that you have the recipe, you
follow the instructions to make a cake.
In the cell, the ribosome (kitchen)
reads the mRNA recipe. tRNA
(ingredients carrier) brings the correct
amino acids (ingredients).The
ribosome assembles the amino acids
step by step, like mixing flour, eggs,
and sugar to bake a cake.
End Result: A fully formed
protein, just like a finished
dish!
DNA Replication: Making
a Copy of the Cookbook
If you need an extra copy of
your cookbook, you photocopy it
page by page. Similarly, before
a cell divides, DNA replicates
itself so that each new cell gets
the exact same instructions.
Importance in Heredity
 Carries genetic information
 Determines inherited traits
 Allows for genetic variation
 Enables evolution
 Maintains species characteristics
Role in Life's
Continuity
 Enables reproduction
 Maintains genetic stability
 Allows for adaptation
 Supports species survival
 Enables genetic diversity
Review and Summary
 DNA and RNA are essential for life
 They have distinct structures and
functions
 Work together in protein synthesis
 Enable inheritance of traits
 Support species continuation
QUIZ
TIME!

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