Hydraulics and Pneumatics

Hydraulics
An actuator wherein hydraulic energy is used to impart
motion is called an hydraulic actuator.

Hydraulic systems are power-transmitting assemblies

employing pressurized liquid as a fluid for transmitting
energy from an energy source to an energy using point to
accomplish useful work.
 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
 The basic rule of using hydraulic power is Pascal's Principle.
Pascal's Principle: pressure exerted on a fluid is distributed equally throughout the

fluid.

Hydraulics uses incompresible liquids so the applied pressure from one end
(small arrow) is equal to the desired pressure on the other end (big arrow).
 Hydraulics
1. Hydraulic pump unit : in an actual hydraulic system a pump converts
mechanical power into fluid power.
2. Control valve : the flow of pressurized liquid discharge by the pump
is controlled by valves.
 Pressure control valves- control the liquid
 pressure Flow control valves : control the liquid
 flow rate.
Directional control valve : control the direction of
flow of the liquid.
Hydraulics
3. hydraulic
• motor/cylinder
The liquid discharged by the pump is directed to hydraulic motors
or cylinders by control valves.
• Motors are used where rotory motion is desired and cylinders are
used where linear motion is necessary.
HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR

Hydraulic systems are used to control & transmit power.

•A pump driven by prime mover (electric motor) creates flow of fluid
Hydraulic System
Functions of the components

hydraulic actuator is a device used to

1. The
convert the fluid power into
mechanical power to do useful work.
The actuator may be of the linear
type (e.g., hydraulic cylinder) or
rotary type(e.g., hydraulic motor) to
provide linear or rotary motion,
respectively.
 Functions of the
5
3 components
2. The hydraulic pump is used to force the fluid from the
reservoir to rest of the hydraulic circuit by converting
mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.
3. Valves are used to control the direction, pressure and
flow rate of fluid flowing through the circuit.
4. External Power Supply (Motor) is required to drive the
pump.
5. Reservoir is used to hold the hydraulic liquid , usually
hydraulic oil.
6. Piping System carries the hydraulic oil from one place
to another.
7. Filters are used to remove any foreign particles so as to
keep the fluid system clean and efficient as well as damage
to the actuator and valves.
8. Pressure regulator regulates (i.e ., maintains) the
required level of pressure in the hydraulic fluid.
 Hydraulic actuators
- Economic
- Reliable
- Able to support heavy loads
- Resistant to overloads
- Low working speed
- Hydraulic group noisy in operation
- Possible oil leakage
Pneumatics

Uses pressurised air to transmit and

control power. Air is used as the fluid
because:-
It is safe.
 It is less expensive and readily available
 It can be inducted and exhausted directly to the
atmosphere and return line is not necessary as with
hydraulics.
Pneumatic System
Functions of the
components
Functions of the
components

Pneumatic systems are systems always

processing new air (where as hydraulic systems
are closed systems always returning the oil)
Pneumatic actuators (cylinders)

- Economic
- Reliable
- High operation speed
- Operation at constant force
- Resistant to overloads

- No speed control
- Poor position speed
- Noisy operation
Comparison between Hydraulic and Pneumatic
system
S. Hydraulic System Pneumatic System
No.

1. It employs a pressurized liquid as a It employs a compressed gas,

fluid usually air, as a fluid
2. An oil hydraulic system operates at A pneumatic system
pressures up to 700 bar usually operates at 5–10 bar
3. Generally designed as closed system Usually designed as open system
4. The system slows down when leakage Leakage does not affect the system
occurs much
5. Valve operations are difficult Valve operations are easy
6. Heavier in weight Lighter in weight
7. Pumps are used to provide Compressors are used to provide
pressurized liquids compressed gases
8. The system is unsafe to The is free from fire
fire hazards system
9. Automatic lubrication is provided hazards arrangements for
Special
HYDRAULIC
ACTUATOR
Types of cylinders
Parts of Linear Cylinder
Cylinder barrel Piston
Cylinder base or Piston rod
cap Cylinder head Rod gland
Other parts : Cylinder base connection - Seals-Cushions
Single Acting Cylinder

 In the case of a single acting cylinder, only the piston side is

pressurized with hydraulic fluid. The cylinder can thus carry out
work only in one direction.
 The fluid which flows into the piston chamber causes a pressure to
build up the surface of the piston.
 The piston travels into its forward end position. The return stroke is
effected by a spring, the dead eight of the piston rod or an external
load.
PLUNGER TYPE SINGLE
ACTING CYLINDER
 In the case of plunger cylinders, the piston and rod
form a single component.
 Due to the design of the cylinder, the return stroke
can only be effected by external forces.
 The cylinders can therefore generally be installed
only vertically.
DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH END
POSITION CUSHIONING
 Cylinder with end position cushioning are used to brake
high stroke speeds smoothly and prevent hard impacts at
the end of the stroke. Shortly before the end position is
reached, the cross- section for the outflow of fluid is
reduced by the built-in cushioning pistons and then finally
closed. The hydraulic fluid is then forced to escape through
a flow control valve.
7
7
Cylinder cushioning
Through rod cylinder
 tandem cylinder
82
ROTARYACTUATO
RS
Gear motor
Vane motor
Piston motor
Turbine
motors
Gerotor type
motors
Valves

•Directional control valves

•Pressure control valves

•Process control valves

Control valves

 Fluid power is controlled primarily through the

use of control devices called valves.
 Hydraulic and pneumatic systems require
control valves to direct and regulate the flow
of fluid and regulate the flow of fluid from
pump(or compressor) to hydraulic cylinders
or motors.
1. Direction control valves
2. Pressure control valves
3. Process control valves (flow)
Flow Control valve
 These valves are used to control the speed of hydraulic actuator
by controlling the flow rate or discharge
1. Needle valve
2. Gate and globe valve
1. Needle valve
 It is the most common hydraulic flow control device.
 It consists of a needle or pointed threaded stem that can be
adjusted manually to control the flow or discharge through the
valve. It is made of steel.
 This valve can also be used as a stop valve to prevent the flow of
fluid from one part of the hydraulic circuit to another.
Needle valves
Globe valve
 In this valve the flow area is larger than that of a needle valve.
Hence globe valve will have a larger flow capacity at a lower
pressure drop than a needle valve of the same size.
 Globe valves have a round disk to control or stop the fluid flow.
 Needle valves are suitable for throttling i.e., the flow area is slowly
reduced as the valve is closed, gradually reducing the quantity of
fluid passing through the valve. But the globe valves are not so
suitable for throttling function
Gate valve
 Gate valves are not normally used as flow control
valves. Most of the gate valves are used as stops to
shutoff fluid flow (or) to open the line to full flow.
 Gate valves provides a opening with minimum
pressure drop.
 Pressure control valves

 These valves control the pressure of flow medium required by

the system..
 To regulate or reduce oil pressure in certain portions of the circuit
 to unload system pressure.
 To limit maximum system pressure as a safety measure.
 To assist sequential operation of actuators in a circuit by pressure
control.
 To perform any other pressure related functions by virtue of pressure
control
Type
s
1. Pressure relief valve.
2. Pressure sequencing valve.
3. Pressure reducing or regulating
valve.
4. Pressure unloading valve.
5. Pressure brake valve.
1. Pressure relief valves
 These valves are found in every hydraulic
system.
 It is normally closed valve,
connected between the pressure line
and the oil reservoir.
 Its main purpose is to limit the presure in
a system to a prescribed maximum by
diverting some or all of the pump output
to the tanks, when the desired set
pressure is reached.
PRV
2. Pressure sequencing valve
 Sequence valve is used to direct the flow
to more than one portion of a fluid
circuit in sequence.
3.Pressure reducing valve
 This type of valves are normally open pressure control
valves used to maintain reduced pressures in certain
portions of the hydraulic system.
 These are actuated by the pressure sensed in the
branch circuit and tend to close as it reaches the
pressure of the valve setting preventing further buildup
of pressure.
4. Pressure unloading valve
 This type of valves is used to unload the energy in a
system of a lower pressure.
 This valve allows pressure to build up to an adjustable
setting and then bypasses the flow as long as a remote
source maintains the preset pressure on the pilot port.
 Unloading valves are normally used in double pump
applications. When the high speed and more flow are
not required.
 Direction control valves
 Thedirection control valvea start, stop and control the direction of
flow for reversing the direction of motion of the actuator.
Dcv
1. Check valve
 Check valve is a one way valve because it
permits flow in only one direction and
prevents any flow in the opposite
direction.
 Pilot operated check valve
 The pilot operated check valve always
permits free flow in one direction but
permits flow in the normally blocked
opposite direction only if pilot pressure
pushes the pilot piston sownward.

2. Poppet valve
 It is a check valve that can be forced open
to allow reverse flow.
3. Spool valve
 It consists of a cylindrical spool with
multiple lobes moving within a cylindrical
casing containing multiple ports.
 The spool can be moved back and fourth
to align spaces between the spool lobes
with input and output ports in the
housing to direct high pressure flow to
different circuits in the system.
Spool valve
4. Shuttle
valve
 This is the another type of direction
control valve.
 It allows a system to operate from
either of two fluid power sources.
 It is also known as a double check
valve. It
is mostly used in pneumatic device and is
rarely used in hydraulic circuits.
Shuttle valve
11
4

Two way valve

10/16/18
 (Normally Closed)

(Normally opened)
Two-way two-position
directional control valve
 Gate valve is example of 2W/2P
directional control valve which either
turns on or off the flow in normal or
working positions depending on need of
application.
 Here arrow indicates that fluid flow is
taking place whereas other position
shows cut-off position.
Three way valve
Three-Way Direction
Control 3/2-Way DCV

(Normally opened)

(Normally Closed)
Four way valves
Four way
valves
Four-way two-position
directional control valve
 4/2 valve has four connections to it and
two valve positions. Normally, one port
is open to flow from the pump.
Four-way three-position
directional control
valve
It has one way for pump (P), one for
reservoir (R) or tank (T) and two for the
inlet to the actuator.
And it has 3 positions: one normal, one
cross way, and one straight way.
SINGLE ACTING HYDRAULIC
CYLINDER CIRCUIT
2POSITION , 2WAY
DCV
Double ACTING HYDRAULIC
CYLINDER CIRCUIT
Three position, four
way DCV
r

co SUKESHOP/APME/ME407- MR-
2018