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Lecture 19

The document discusses flood estimation and control, defining floods and the concept of design floods, which are determined through cost-benefit analysis considering both tangible and intangible benefits. It outlines various methods for estimating peak floods, including empirical formulas, concentration time methods, and the rational method, along with examples and specific formulas for different regions. The document emphasizes the importance of accurate flood estimation for effective flood management and infrastructure design.

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27 views21 pages

Lecture 19

The document discusses flood estimation and control, defining floods and the concept of design floods, which are determined through cost-benefit analysis considering both tangible and intangible benefits. It outlines various methods for estimating peak floods, including empirical formulas, concentration time methods, and the rational method, along with examples and specific formulas for different regions. The document emphasizes the importance of accurate flood estimation for effective flood management and infrastructure design.

Uploaded by

hozifajalalzai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Week-20 Hydrology

Flood Estimation
FLOODS-ESTIMATION AND CONTROL
 8.1 SIZE OF FLOODS
 A flood is an unusual high stage of a river due to runoff from
rainfall and/or melting of snow in quantities too great to be
confined in the normal water surface elevations of the river or
stream, as the result of unusual meteorological combination.
 The maximum flood that any structure can safely pass is called the
‘design flood’ and is selected after consideration of economic and
hydrologic factors.
 The design flood is related to the project feature; for example, the
spillway design flood may be much higher than the flood control
reservoir design flood or the design flood adopted for the
temporary coffer dams.
 A design flood may be arrived by considering the cost of constructing the
structure
 to provide flood control and
 the flood control benefits arising directly by
◦ prevention of damage to structures downstream,
◦ disruption communication,
◦ loss of life and property,
◦ damage to crops and
◦ underutilization of land and
 indirectly,
◦ the money saved under insurance and workmen’s compensation laws,
◦ higher yields from intensive cultivation of protected lands and elimination of losses
arising from interruption of business,
◦ reduction in diseases resulting from inundation of flood waters.

The direct benefits are called tangible benefits and the indirect benefits are
called intangible benefits.
The design flood is usually selected after making a cost-benefit analysis and
8.2 ESTIMATION OF PEAK FLOOD
 (i) Physical indications of past floods—flood marks and local
enquiry
 (ii) Empirical formulae and curves
 (iii) Concentration time method
 (iv) Overland flow hydrograph
 (v) Rational method
 (vi) Unit hydrograph
 (vii) Flood frequency studies
(i) Observations at nearby structure.
 By noting the flood marks (and by local enquiry), depths, affluxes
(heading up of water near bridge openings, or similar obstructions to
flow) and other items actually at an existing bridge, on anecut (weir) in
the vicinity, the maximum flood discharge may be estimated.
 The flood marks are connected by levelling, the profile is plotted and
HFL marked on it, and the cross sectional area is determined. The
surface fall at HFL is calculated from the difference in HFL at known
distance apart.
 It may be checked with the bed slope; there should not be much
disparity between the two. By assuming a suitable value of Manning’s n
for the nature (roughness) of bed and sides of the river, the velocity
may be determined by Manning’s or Chezy’s formula and the flood
discharge estimated, see example 6.4.
(ii) Empirical Flood Formulae
 1. Dickens formula for moderate size basins of north and
central India
◦ Q = CA3/4 ...(8.1)
◦ the coefficient C = 11–14, where the aar is 60–120 cm
◦ = 14–19 in Madhya Pradesh
◦ = 32 in western Ghats
 up to 35, maximum value
 2. Ryves formula derived from a study of
rivers in south India

◦ A = CA2/3 ...(8.2)
◦ Coefficient C = 6.8 within 80 km of coast
◦ = 8.3 for areas between 80 and 2400 km from
the coast
◦ = 10.0 for limited area near the hills
◦ up to 40, actual observed values
 3. Inglis formula for fan-shaped
catchments of Bombay state
(Maharashtra)

◦ Q = 124 A / (A+10.4)0.5 ....(8.3)


 4. Myers formula

◦ Q = 175 (A)0.5 ...(8.4)


 5. Ali Nawab Jang Bahadur formula for the
old Hyderabad state

◦Q = CA(0.993 – 1/14 log A)


...(8.5)

◦ the coefficient C varies from 48 to 60


◦ Maximum value of C = 85
 6. Fuller’s formula (1914)

◦ Q = CA0.8 (1 + 0.8 log TT)(1 + 2.67 A–0.3) ...


(8.6)

◦ constants derived from the basins in USA 10


years data is required for sufficient reliability.
◦ The coefficient C varies from 0.026 to 2.77; T =
recurrence interval in years. Fuller was the first
to suggest that frequency should be considered
as a factor in estimating floods.
 7. Greager’s formula for USA

◦ Q = C(0 386A)0.894 (0.386A) (−0.048)...(8.7)


◦ the coefficient C ≈ 130 (140.5 for areas
most favorable to large floods)
 8. Burkli Ziegler formula for USA
◦ Q = 412 A3/4 ...(8.8)

In all the above formula, Q is the peak


flood in cumec and A is the area of the
drainage basin in km2.
(iii) Envelope Curves.
 Areas having similar topographical features and
climatic conditions are grouped together. All
available data regarding discharges and flood
formulae are compiled along with their respective
catchment areas. Peak flood discharges are then
plotted against the drainage areas and a curve is
drawn to cover or envelope the highest plotted
points. Envelope curves are generally used for
comparison only and the design floods got by
other methods, should be higher than those
obtained from envelope curves.
 For Indian rivers, enveloping curves from
observed floods have been developed by Kanwar
Sain and Karpov, Fig. 8.1 (a).
(iv) Concentration Time Method.
 The concentration time method of estimating the peak
discharge consists of two steps:
(i) Determination of the concentration time, etc.
(ii) Selection of the period of maximum net rainfall for the
concentration time duration.
This method can be used for design storms or in conjunction
with intensity-duration frequency curves.
 Example 8.1
 Determine the peak discharge at the concentration

point for a basin of 80 hectares having a time of


concentration of 30 minutes due to a 5-cm flash storm,
if the duration of the storm is (i) 60 min, (ii) 30 min,
and (iii) 15 min.

 Assume a φ-index of 2.5 cm/hr for the entire basin.


When the storm duration is 15 minutes, only drainage
from 60% of the area of the basin reaches the
concentration point
 Solution
◦ Q = (i – φ) A,
◦ where i = intensity of rainfall (cm/hr)

 (i) Q = (5 – 2.5) 80 = 200 ha-cm = 200 × 0.028 = 5.6 cumec

 (ii) Q = ( 5/30 × 60 – 2.5) 80 = 600 ha-cm = 600 × 0.028 =


16.8 cumec

 (iii) Q = ( 5/15 × 60 – 2.5) (0.60 × 80) = 840 ha-cm = 840 ×


0.028 = 23.52 cumec
observation
 It is seen from (i) and (ii) that the peak discharge
at the concentration point is maximum when the
duration of storm is equal to the time of
concentration,

 (iii) gives the highest flood, since only 60% of the


area drains, the concentration time becomes less
and the intensity of rainfall is very high during this
time.
(v) Rational Method.
 The rational method is based on the application of the
formula
◦ Q = CiA ...(8.9)
◦ where C is a coefficient depending on the runoff qualities of the
catchment called the runoff coefficient (0.2 to 0.8).
If the intensity-duration-frequency curves, are not available
for the catchment and a maximum precipitation of P cm
occurs during a storm period of tR hours, then the design
intensity ic can be obtained from the equation
Example 8.2
Example 8.3

SCS Curve Method

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