SAMPLING

TERMINOLOGIES:
1. Population is the set of all observations
under study for a given characteristic or
variable.
2. Sample is the set of observations which
constitute a portion of a population.
3. Census is the method of gathering
information by a complete enumeration of the
population. 2
 TERMINOLOGIES:

4. Sampling is the process of selecting a part

of the population.
5. Parameter is a numerical measure that
describes the whole population.
6. Statistic is a numerical description of the
sample.
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 METHODS OF TAKING SAMPLES

1. Probability Sampling – each member of

the population has a known probability of being
selected in the sample (unbiased sampling).
2. Nonprobability sampling – there is a
biased in the selection and there is no
recognized probability that one member will be
included in the sample (biased sampling).
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 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
a. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

- each member of the population is equally likely to be

included as a participant.

-is done by choosing the members of the sample one by

one, using either the fishbowl method or lottery
method, table of random numbers or the random
number generator.

Example: Suppose five students will be selected from the

list of 40 students in a class, numbered 1 to 40. Using the
random # generator in the calculator : 5
b. SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
- the method of selecting kth element in
the population list. The value of k is
determined by the formula: .
Example: A sample of ten will be selected from
a population of 40 patients.
- Since q = = 4

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c. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
– population is divided into groups based on certain
characteristics in the study such as gender, race, civil
status, or nationality.
- groups are called strata.
- sample size of each group is proportional to the size of
each group in the population.
Example: A sample of 150 students is to be selected
from a junior high school population of 1000, of which
250 are in grade 7, 200 are in grade 8, 300 are in grade
9, and 250 are in grade 10. If the sample size is to be
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d. CLUSTER SAMPLING
- Like stratified sampling, the population is divided into
groups, called clusters, however, unlike stratified
sampling; the clusters are heterogeneous groups of
the population.
- Example: Suppose a researcher wants to study the
effect of a certain teaching methodology among the
students coming from a particular town. Since there are
many schools in the town, it will be very inefficient and
impractical to consider all the schools in the study.
Instead, the researcher will randomly choose a few 8
 NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
a. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
- also called haphazard sampling.
- is carried out on the matter of convenience or ease of
implementation on the part of the researcher, that is,
the samples taken are readily available to participate in
the study.
Example: 1. “ambush interview” usually shown in
televisions to gather opinions about a specific political
issue.
2. “ opinion poll” done electronically through texting or9
b. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
– also called judgmental or selective sampling.
- The goal of this sampling is to carefully choose the
members of the population which are best fitted to
answer the research questions.
Example: 1. If a researcher wants to study the
toothpaste brand mostly preferred by people,
then he would purposely go to the nearby
convenience store and conduct an interview among
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c. SNOWBALL SAMPLING
– also called chain-referral sampling.
- the researcher chooses a possible respondent for
the study at hand. Then, each respondent is
asked to give recommendations or referrals
to other possible respondents.

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d. QUOTA SAMPLING

– equivalent of stratified random sampling in terms

of nonprobability sampling.

- the researcher starts by identifying quotas. The

population is then divided into several categories
according to the control category. Lastly, the researcher
collects the sample, which has the same proportion as the
given population.

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Example: A study is conducted in a defined
population in which 30% are single and 70% are
married. With quota sampling, the same chosen by
the researcher should be of the same proportion to
this population. Thus, if 100 individuals are to be
selected, then the quota for the sample includes
30 single and 70 married individuals

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 ACTIVITY 1
A. Determine the sampling used in each of the following survey. (answers only)
1. A certain television show asks viewers to participate in an on-line poll.
2. The customer service unit of a car dealer is conducting a satisfaction survey by sampling from a list
of 5 000 car buyers in the past 2 years. The customers in the population are grouped based on the
brand or manufacturer of the car bought (e.g. Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, Chevrolet, Isuzu, and
Mitsubishi). The percentage of buyers in each brand is determined and multiplied to the sample size
(500).
3. Every 10th customer that makes an order in the fast-food chain was asked to answer a satisfaction
questionnaire.
4. In a Christmas party, every employee of the company wrote his or her name on a piece of paper
and dropped it in a container. Winners were determined by drawing the names from the container.
5. All the students who belong to ten chosen sections in a certain school will participate in a study
designed to improve students’ critical thinking skills. 14
 SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION
 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
- A distribution that shows the frequency with
which values of statistics are observed when all
possible random samples are drawn from a given
population.
- The mean, variance and standard deviation/
standard error are called sample statistics.

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 SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION OF
THE SAMPLE
MEANS
1. The mean of the sample means ( ) is the
same as the population mean µ, Thus, = μ.
2. The standard error of the sample mean () is
equal to the population standard deviation σ
divided by the square root of the sample size,
thus,

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Ex: Random samples with size of 5 are drawn from
the population containing the values 15, 20, 26,
31, 33 and 40.
1. Construct a sampling distribution of the sample
means.
2. Find the mean of the sample means.
3. Compute the standard error of the sample
means.

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 SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION OF
THE SAMPLE
MEDIAN
Example 1: A sample with size n = 3 is drawn
from the set 5, 6, 8, 12, and 20. Construct the
sampling distribution of the medians, solve for
the mean and standard error of the medians .

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a. Construct the sampling distribution
b. Mean of the median

c. Standard error/ standard deviation of the median

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