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Lect 08

The document provides an introduction to programming concepts, including examples of calculating average marks and using multi-way decision structures such as if statements and switch statements. It discusses the importance of structured programming, emphasizing sequences, decisions, and loops, while offering guidelines for effective flowcharting. Additionally, it outlines future topics to explore, such as data structures and pointers.

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murtaza786sahito
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Lect 08

The document provides an introduction to programming concepts, including examples of calculating average marks and using multi-way decision structures such as if statements and switch statements. It discusses the importance of structured programming, emphasizing sequences, decisions, and loops, while offering guidelines for effective flowcharting. Additionally, it outlines future topics to explore, such as data structures and pointers.

Uploaded by

murtaza786sahito
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Programming
Example: Program to
calculate the average marks
of class
int sum;
int students ;
int average ;
sum = 0 ;
students = 0 ;
do
{
cin >> grade ;
sum += grade ;
students ++ ;
}
while (grade >= 0) ;
average = sum / studentsA
; Flaw in the code
cout << average ;
Multi-way decision
if Statements
if ( grade ==‘A’ )
cout << “ Excellent ” ;
if ( grade ==‘B’ )
cout << “ Very Good ” ;
if ( grade ==‘C’ )
cout << “ Good ” ;
if ( grade ==‘D’ )
cout << “ Poor ” ;
if ( grade ==‘F’ )
cout << “ Fail ” ;
if else
if ( grade ==‘A’ )
cout << “ Excellent ” ;
else
if ( grade ==‘B’ )
cout << “ Very
Good ” ;
else
if ( grade ==‘C’ )
cout << “ Good ” ;
else
if ( grade ==‘D’ )
cout << “ Poor ” ;
if else
if ( grade == ‘A’ )
cout << “ Excellent ” ;
else if ( grade == ‘B’ )
…
else if …
…
else …
switch statement
switch statements
switch ( variable name )
{
case ‘a’ :
statements;
case ‘b’ :
statements;
case ‘c’ :
statements;
…
}
switch statements
switch ( grade)
{
case ‘A’ :
cout << “ Excellent ” ;
case ‘B’ :
cout << “ Very Good ”
;
case ‘C’ :
…
…
}
switch statements
case ‘A’ :
cout << “ Excellent ” ;
…
…
Example
switch ( grade)
{
case ‘A’ :
cout << “ Excellent ” ;
case ‘B’ :
cout << “ Very Good ” ;
case ‘C’ :
cout << “Good ” ;
case ‘D’ :
cout << “ Poor ” ;
case ‘F’ :
cout << “ Fail ” ;
}
break;
Example
switch ( grade )
{
case ‘A’ :
cout << “ Excellent ” ;
break ;
case ‘B’ :
cout << “ Very Good ” ;
break ;
case ‘C’ :
cout << “Good ” ;
break ;
case ‘D’ :
cout << “ Poor ” ;
break ;
case ‘F’ :
cout << “ Fail ” ;
break ;
}
default :
default :
cout << “ Please Enter Grade
from ‘A’ to ‘D’ or ‘F’ “ ;
Flow Chart of switch
statement
switch (grade)

case ‘A’ :

Display
“Excellent”

case ‘B’ :

Display
“Very Good”
…

Default :

“……..”
if ( amount > 2335.09 )
statements ;
Whole Number
 short
 int
 long
case ‘A’ :
case ‘ 300 ‘ :
case ‘ f ‘ :
break ;

if (c == ‘z’ )

{
cout << “ Great ! You have made the correct guess “
break ;
}
continue ;
continue
while trynum <= 5 ;
{
….
….
continue ;
}
continue in ‘for’
loop
for ( counter = 0 ;counter <= 10 ; counter ++
{
…….
continue ;
}
What have we done till now …

 Sequential Statements
 Decisions
– if , if else , switch
 Loops
– while , do while , for
goto
Unconditional Branch of Execution
Structured
Programming

 Sequences
 Decisions
 Loops
 Minimize the use of break
 Minimize the use of

continue
 Never use goto
Guide lines for
structured
programming

 Modular
 Single entry - single exit
Rules for Structured
Flowchart
Rule 1 : Use the simplest flowchart
Rule 2 : Any rectangle can be replaced
by two rectangles.
Rule 3 : Any rectangle can be replaced
with
structured flowcharting
constructs.
Rule 4 : It says, rule 2 and rule 3 can be
repeated as many times as
Next Milestones

 Data Structures
– Arrays
 Character Strings
 Pointers

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