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The document outlines the rise and expansion of Islam, detailing the geographical context of the Arabian Peninsula and the life of Muhammad, who founded the religion. It describes the Five Pillars of Islam, sources of authority, the establishment of the caliphate, and the differences between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. Additionally, it highlights the growth of the Muslim trade network and the political developments following Muhammad's death.

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2 views

Quiz Preparation

The document outlines the rise and expansion of Islam, detailing the geographical context of the Arabian Peninsula and the life of Muhammad, who founded the religion. It describes the Five Pillars of Islam, sources of authority, the establishment of the caliphate, and the differences between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. Additionally, it highlights the growth of the Muslim trade network and the political developments following Muhammad's death.

Uploaded by

malakmarzouk95
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Islam

Expands
Session 3
Rubab Hasan
The Rise of Islam
 The Arabian Peninsula is a crossroads of three continents – Africa, Europe and Asia.
 At its longest and widest points, the peninsula is about 1,200 miles from north to south.
 The Arab nomads, called Bedouins, were organized into tribes and groups called clans.
 The areas with more fertile soil and the larger oases had enough water to support farming
communities.
 By the early AD 600s, many Arabs had chosen to settle in an oasis or in a market town.
 Trade routes through Arabia ran from the extreme south of the peninsula to the Byzantine and
Sassanid empires to the north.
 During certain holy months, caravans stopped in Mecca, a city in western Arabia.
 Over the years, the Arabs had introduced the worship of many gods and spirits to this place.
 The Ka’aba contained over 360 idols brought by many tribes.
 The concept of belief in one God, called Allah in Arabic, was known on the Arabian Peninsula.
 Into the mixed religious environment of Mecca, around AD 570, Muhammad was born.
 Muhammad was born into the clan of a powerful Meccan family.
The Rise of Islam
 Orphaned at the age of six, Muhammad was raised by his grandfather and his uncle.
 At the age of 25, Muhammad became a trader and business manager.
 Following a small band of supporters, he sent ahead, Muhammad moved to the town of Yathrib, over
200 miles to the north of Mecca. This migration became known as the Hijrah.
 Muhammad found the religion of Islam—meaning “submission to the will of Allah”
 Many join him and become Muslim—meaning “one who has submitted.”
 He claims to hear the angel Gabriel tell him he is a messenger of Allah.
 The rulers of Mecca begin to threaten Muhammad and his small group of followers with violence.
 The Dome of the Rock, located in Jerusalem, is the earliest surviving Islamic monument.
 The Dome of the Rock was completed in AD 691.
 The dome is about 100 feet tall and 60 feet in diameter.
 In AD 630, Muhammad and 10,000 followers marched to the outskirts of Mecca.
 A convert is a person who changes his religion to Islam.
Five Pillars of Islam
 Faith: “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.”
 Prayer: Five times a day, Muslims face toward Mecca to pray.
 Alms: Muslims meet the social responsibility by giving alms, or money to the poor, through a
special religious tax.
 Fasting: During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, Muslims fast between dawn and sunset.
 Pilgrimage: All Muslims who are physically and financially able perform the hajj, or pilgrimage to
Mecca, at least once.
Sources of Authority
 The Qur’an is written in Arabic, and Muslims consider only the Arabic version to be the true
word of Allah.
 The Sunna or Muhammad’s example, is the best model for proper living.
 The guidance of the Qu’ran and Sunna was assembled in a body of law known as Shari’a.
Four Rightly Guided Caliphs
 Abu Bakr
 Umar
 Uthman
 Ali -Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law
Links to Judaism and
 Muslims view Jesus as a prophet, not as the Son of God.
Christianity
 All three religions believe in heaven, hell and the day of judgement.
 The Muslims trace their ancestry to Abraham, as do the Jews and Christians.
Islam Expands
 In AD 632, Abu-Bakr became the first caliph, a title that means “successor” or “deputy”.
 Abu-Bakr and the next three elected caliphs – Umar, Uthman and Ali – all had known
Muhammad.
 The word jihad means “striving” and can refer to the inner struggle against evil.
 When Abu-Bakr died in AD 634, the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia.
 By AD 750, the Muslim empire stretched 6,000 miles from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus
River.
 In AD 656, Uthman was murdered, starting a civil war in which various groups struggled for
power.
 A family known as the Umayyads came to power after Ali was assassinated.
 Under the Umayyads, the capital of the empire was moved to Damascus.
 The reasons for the downfall of Umayyads were vigorous religious and political opposition.
Basic differences between
Sunni and Shi’a Muslims
Believe that the first four caliphs Believe that Ali, Muhammad’s son-
were “rightly guided” in-law, should have succeeded him

Muslims rulers should follow the Do not recognize the authority of


Sunna Sunna

 Sufi were the followers who pursue life of poverty, spirituality and reject luxuries.
Muslim Trade Network
 Two major sea-trading networks at this time were the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian
Ocean.
 A merchant with a sakk (check) from a bank in Baghdad could exchange it for cash at a bank
in the empire.
 At one end of the Muslim empire was the city of Cordoba in al-Andalus.
THANK YOU!

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