1-1

PREVIEW OF CHAPTER 1

Intermediate Accounting
IFRS 2nd Edition
Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield
1-2
 1 Financial Reporting and
Accounting Standards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
Jelaskan semakin pentingnya pasar keuangan Mengidentifikasi tujuan pelaporan keuangan.
global dan hubungannya dengan pelaporan Identifikasi badan penetapan kebijakan utama
keuangan. dan peran mereka dalam proses penetapan
standar.
Mengidentifikasi laporan keuangan utama dan Jelaskan pengertian IFRS.
sarana pelaporan keuangan lainnya.
5. Jelaskan tantangan yang dihadapi pelaporan
Jelaskan bagaimana akuntansi membantu keuangan.
dalam penggunaan sumber daya yang langka
secara efisien.
1. Jelaskan perlunya standar berkualitas
tinggi.

1-3
 GLOBAL MARKETS

World markets are becoming increasingly intertwined.

Top 20 Global Companies In Terms of Sales

ILLUSTRATION 1-1

1-4 LO 1
 GLOBAL MARKETS

Significant number of foreign companies are found on

national exchanges. ILLUSTRATION 1-2
International Exchange Statistics

1-5
LO 1
 1 Financial Reporting and
Accounting Standards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Describe the growing importance of global 5. Identify the objective of financial reporting.
financial markets and its relation to financial 6. Identify the major policy-setting bodies and
reporting. their role in the standard-setting process.
2. Identify the major financial 7. Explain the meaning of IFRS.
statements and other means of 8. Describe the challenges facing financial
financial reporting. reporting.
3. Explain how accounting assists in the efficient
use of scarce resources.
4. Explain the need for high-quality standards.

1-6
 GLOBAL MARKETS

Laporan Keuangan dan Pelaporan Keuangan

Essential characteristics of accounting are:
1. the identification, measurement, and communication of
financial information about

2. economic entities to

3. interested parties.

1-7 LO 2
 GLOBAL MARKETS

Economic Entity Financial Statements Informasi Tambahan

Financial Statement of President’s letter

Information Financial Position Prospectuses
Accounting? Income Statement Reports filed with
Identify or Statement of governmental
Comprehensive agencies
and Income
Measure News releases
Statement of Cash
and Flows Forecasts
Communicate Statement of Environmental
Changes in Equity impact statements
Note Disclosures
Etc.
1-8 LO 2
 1 Financial Reporting and
Accounting Standards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Describe the growing importance of 5. Identify the objective of financial reporting.

global financial markets and its relation 6. Identify the major policy-setting bodies and
to financial reporting. their role in the standard-setting process.
2. Identify the major financial statements and 7. Explain the meaning of IFRS.
other means of financial reporting. 8. Describe the challenges facing financial
3. Explain how accounting assists in reporting.
the efficient use of scarce resources.
4. Explain the need for high-quality standards.

1-9
 GLOBAL MARKETS

Accounting and Capital Allocation

Resources are limited. Efficient use of resources often

determines whether a business thrives.
ILLUSTRATION 1-3
Capital Allocation Process

1-10 LO 3
 1 Financial Reporting and
Accounting Standards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Describe the growing importance of 5. Identify the objective of financial reporting.

global financial markets and its relation 6. Identify the major policy-setting bodies and
to financial reporting. their role in the standard-setting process.
2. Identify the major financial statements and 7. Explain the meaning of IFRS.
other means of financial reporting. 8. Describe the challenges facing financial
3. Explain how accounting assists in the efficient reporting.
use of scarce resources.

4. Explain the need for high-quality

standards.

1-11
 GLOBAL MARKETS

High Quality Standards

Globalization demands a single set of high-quality
international accounting standards. Some elements:
1. Single set of high-quality accounting standards established by
a single standard-setting body.
2. Consistency in application and interpretation.
3. Common disclosures.
4. Common high-quality auditing standards and practices.
5. Common approach to regulatory review and enforcement.
6. Education and training of market participants.
(Continued)

1-12 LO 4
 GLOBAL MARKETS

High Quality Standards

Globalization demands a single set of high-quality
international accounting standards. Some elements:
7. Common delivery systems (e.g., eXtensible Business
Reporting Language—XBRL).
8. Common approach to corporate governance and legal
frameworks around the world.

1-13 LO 4
 1 Financial Reporting and
Accounting Standards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Describe the growing importance of 5. Identify the objective of financial

global financial markets and its relation reporting.
to financial reporting. 6. Identify the major policy-setting bodies and
2. Identify the major financial statements and their role in the standard-setting process.
other means of financial reporting. 7. Explain the meaning of IFRS.
3. Explain how accounting assists in the efficient 8. Describe the challenges facing financial
use of scarce resources. reporting.
4. Explain the need for high-quality standards.

1-14
 OBJECTIVE OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

Objective: Provide financial information about the

reporting entity that is useful to
► present and potential equity investors,

► lenders, and

► other creditors

in making decisions about providing resources to the entity.

1-15 LO 5
 OBJECTIVE OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

General-Purpose Financial Statements

► Provide financial reporting information to a wide variety
of users.
► Provide the most useful information possible at the
least cost.

Equity Investors and Creditors

► Investors and creditors are the primary user group.

1-16 LO 5
 DON’T FORGET STEWARDSHIP

In addition to providing decision-useful information about future cash

flows, management also is accountable to investors for the custody
and safekeeping of the company’s economic resources and for their
efficient and profitable use. For example, the management of Nestlé
has the responsibility for protecting its economic resources from
unfavorable effects of economic factors, such as price changes, and
technological and social changes. Because Nestlé’s performance in
discharging its responsibilities (referred to as its stewardship
responsibilities) usually affects its ability to generate net cash inflows,
financial reporting may also provide decision-useful information to
assess management performance in this role. [2]

[2] The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting, “Chapter 1, The Objective of General Purpose Financial
Reporting” (London, U.K.: IASB, September 2010), par. OB4.

1-17 LO 5
 OBJECTIVE OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

Entity Perspective
► Perusahaan dipandang terpisah dan berbeda dari
pemiliknya (pemegang saham).

Decision-Usefulness
► Investors are interested in assessing
1. the company’s ability to generate net cash inflows and
2. management’s ability to protect and enhance the capital
providers’ investments.

1-18 LO 5
 OBJECTIVE OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

Question
The objective of financial reporting places most emphasis on:
a. reporting to capital providers.
b. reporting on stewardship.
c. providing specific guidance related to specific needs.
d. providing information to individuals who are experts in
the field.

1-19 LO 5
 OBJECTIVE OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

Question
General-purpose financial statements are prepared primarily
for:
a. internal users.
b. external users.
c. auditors.
d. government regulators.

1-20 LO 5
 1 Financial Reporting and
Accounting Standards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Describe the growing importance of 5. Identify the objective of financial reporting.

global financial markets and its relation 6. Identify the major policy-setting
to financial reporting. bodies and their role in the standard-
2. Identify the major financial statements and setting process.
other means of financial reporting.
7. Explain the meaning of IFRS.
3. Explain how accounting assists in the efficient
8. Describe the challenges facing financial
use of scarce resources.
reporting.
4. Explain the need for high-quality standards.

1-21
 STANDARD-SETTING ORGANIZATIONS

Main international standard-setting organization:

► International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)
● Issues International Financial Reporting Standards
(IFRS).
● Standards used on most foreign exchanges.
● IFRS used in over 115 countries.
● Organizations that have a role in international standard-
setting are the International Organization of Securities
Commissions (IOSCO) and the IASB.

1-22 LO 6
 STANDARD-SETTING ORGANIZATIONS

International Organization of Securities

Commissions (IOSCO)
► Does not set accounting standards.

► Dedicated to ensuring that global

markets can operate in an efficient
and effective basis.
http://www.iosco.org/
► Supports the use of IFRS as the
single set of international
standards in cross-border offerings
and listings.

1-23 LO 6
 HOW IS IT GOING?

How much progress has been made toward the goal of one single set of global
accounting standards? To answer this question, the IASB conducted a major survey on
IFRS adoption. The survey indicates that there is almost universal support (95 percent)
for IFRS as the single set of global accounting standards. This includes those
jurisdictions that have yet to make a decision on adopting IFRS, such as the United
States.
• More than 80 percent of the jurisdictions report IFRS adoption for all (or in five cases,
almost all) public companies.
• Most of the remaining 11 non-adopters have made significant progress toward IFRS
adoption.
• Those jurisdictions that have adopted IFRS have made very few modifications to the
standards.
• More than 40 percent of the IFRS adopters do so automatically, without an
endorsement process.
• Where modifications have occurred, they are regarded as temporary arrangements to
assist in the migration from national accounting standards to IFRS.
(Continued)
Source: Adapted from Hans Hoogervorst, “Breaking the Boilerplate,” IFRS Foundation Conference
1-24 (June 13, 2013). LO 6
 HOW IS IT GOING?

How much progress has been made toward the goal of one single set of global
accounting standards? To answer this question, the IASB conducted a major survey on
IFRS adoption. The survey indicates that there is almost universal support (95 percent)
for IFRS as the single set of global accounting standards. This includes those
jurisdictions that have yet to make a decision on adopting IFRS, such as the United
States.
• A few large and important economies have not yet (fully) adopted IFRS.
• In such countries, more progress is being made than many people are aware of.
Japan already permits the use of full IFRS and has recently widened the scope of
companies that are allowed to adopt it.
• In the United States, non-U.S. companies are allowed to use IFRS for listings on their
exchanges.
• Today, more than 450 foreign private issuers are reporting using IFRS in U.S.
regulatory filings, which represents trillions of dollars in market capitalization.

Source: Adapted from Hans Hoogervorst, “Breaking the Boilerplate,” IFRS Foundation Conference
1-25 (June 13, 2013). LO 6
 STANDARD-SETTING ORGANIZATIONS

International Accounting Standards Board

(IASB)
Composed of four organizations—
► IFRS Foundation

► International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)

► IFRS Advisory Council

► IFRS Interpretations Committee

1-26 LO 6
 International Accounting Standards Board
ILLUSTRATION 1-4
International Standard-Setting Structure

1-27 LO 6
 STANDARD-SETTING ORGANIZATIONS

Question
IFRS stands for:
a. International Federation of Reporting Services.
b. Independent Financial Reporting Standards.
c. International Financial Reporting Standards.
d. Integrated Financial Reporting Services.

1-28 LO 6
 STANDARD-SETTING ORGANIZATIONS

Question
The major key players on the international side are the:
a. IASB and IFRS Advisory Council.
b. IOSCO and the U.S. SEC.
c. London Stock Exchange and International
Securities Exchange.
d. IASB and IOSCO.

1-29 LO 6
 International Accounting Standards Board

Due Process
The IASB due process has the following elements:
1. Independent standard-setting board;
2. Thorough and systematic process for developing
standards;
3. Engagement with investors, regulators, business leaders,
and the global accountancy profession at every stage of
the process; and
4. Collaborative efforts with the worldwide standard-setting
community.
1-30 LO 6
 International Accounting Standards Board

ILLUSTRATION 1-5
International
Standard-Setting
Structure

1-31
LO 6
 International Accounting Standards Board

Question
Accounting standard-setters use the following process in
establishing international standards:
a. Research, exposure draft, discussion paper, standard.
b. Discussion paper, research, exposure draft, standard.
c. Research, preliminary views, discussion paper,
standard.
d. Research, discussion paper, exposure draft, standard.

1-32 LO 6
 International Accounting Standards Board

Types of Pronouncements
► International Financial Reporting Standards.

► Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting.

► International Financial Reporting Standards Interpretations.

1-33 LO 6
 1 Financial Reporting and
Accounting Standards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Describe the growing importance of 5. Identify the objective of financial reporting.

global financial markets and its relation 6. Identify the major policy-setting bodies and
to financial reporting. their role in the standard-setting process.
2. Identify the major financial statements and 7. Explain the meaning of IFRS.
other means of financial reporting.
8. Describe the challenges facing financial
3. Explain how accounting assists in the efficient reporting.
use of scarce resources.
4. Explain the need for high-quality standards.

1-34
 STANDARD-SETTING ORGANIZATIONS

Hierarchy of IFRS
Companies first look to:
1. International Financial Reporting Standards; International
Financial Reporting Standards, International Accounting
Standards (issued by the predecessor to the IASB), and IFRS
interpretations originated by the IFRS Interpretations
Committee (and its predecessor, the IAS Interpretations
Committee);
2. The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting; and
3. Pronouncements of other standard-setting bodies that use a
similar conceptual framework (e.g., U.S. GAAP).
1-35 LO 7
 STANDARD-SETTING ORGANIZATIONS

Question
IFRS is comprised of:
a. International Financial Reporting Standards and FASB
financial reporting standards.
b. International Financial Reporting Standards,
International Accounting Standards, and International
Accounting Standards Interpretations.
c. International Accounting Standards and International
Accounting Standards Interpretations.
d. FASB financial reporting standards and International
Accounting Standards.
1-36 LO 7
 1 Financial Reporting and
Accounting Standards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Describe the growing importance of 5. Identify the objective of financial reporting.

global financial markets and its relation 6. Identify the major policy-setting bodies and
to financial reporting. their role in the standard-setting process.
2. Identify the major financial statements and 7. Explain the meaning of IFRS.
other means of financial reporting.
8. Describe the challenges facing
3. Explain how accounting assists in the efficient financial reporting.
use of scarce resources.
4. Explain the need for high-quality standards.

1-37
 FINANCIAL REPORTING CHALLENGES
ILLUSTRATION 1-6

IFRS in a Political Environment User Groups that Influence

the Formulation of
Accounting Standards

1-38 LO 8
 FAIR CONSEQUENCES?

No recent accounting issue better illustrates the economic consequences of accounting

than the current debate over the use of fair value accounting for financial assets. The
IASB has had long-standing standards requiring the use of fair value accounting for
financial assets, such as investments and other financial instruments. Fair value provides
the most relevant and reliable information for investors about these assets and liabilities.
However, in the wake of the credit crisis of 2008, some countries, their central banks, and
bank regulators wanted to suspend fair value accounting based on concerns that use of
fair value accounting, which calls for recording significant losses on poorly performing
loans and investments, would scare investors and depositors and lead to a “run on the
bank.” Most notable was the lobbying of then French President Nicolas Sarkozy in urging
his European Union counterparts to back changes to accounting rules and give banks
and insurers some breathing space amid the market turmoil. Mr. Sarkozy sought
agreement to new regulations, including changes to the mark-to-market accounting rules
that have been blamed for aggravating the crisis. International regulators also have
conducted studies of fair value accounting and its role in the credit crisis. It is unclear
whether these political pressures will have an effect on fair value accounting, but there is
no question that the issue has stirred significant worldwide political debate. In short, the
numbers have consequences.

Source: Adapted from Ben Hall and Nikki Tait, “Sarkozy Seeks EU Accounting Change,” The
1-39 Financial Times Limited (September 30, 2008). LO 8
 FINANCIAL REPORTING CHALLENGES

The Expectations Gap

What the public thinks accountants should do vs. what
accountants think they can do.

Significant Financial Reporting Issues

► Non-financial measurements
► Forward-looking information
► Soft assets
► Timeliness

1-40 LO 8
 FINANCIAL REPORTING CHALLENGES

Ethics in the Environment of Financial

Accounting
► Companies that concentrate on “maximizing the bottom
line,” “facing the challenges of competition,” and
“stressing short-term results” place accountants in an
environment of conflict and pressure.
► IFRS do not always provide an answer.

► Technical competence is not enough when encountering

ethical decisions.

1-41 LO 8
 FINANCIAL REPORTING CHALLENGES

International Convergence
Examples of how convergence is occurring:
1. China’s goal is to eliminate differences between its standards and
IFRS.
2. Japan now permits the use of IFRS for domestic companies.
3. The IASB and the FASB have spent the last 12 years working to
converge their standards.
4. Malaysia helped amend the accounting for agricultural assets.
5. Italy provided advice and counsel on the accounting for business
combinations under common control.

1-42 LO 8
 FINANCIAL REPORTING CHALLENGES

Question
The expectations gap is:
a. what financial information management provides and
what users want.
b. what the public thinks accountants should do and what
accountants think they can do.
c. what the governmental agencies want from standard-
setting and what the standard-setters provide.
d. what the users of financial statements want from the
government and what is provided.

1-43 LO 8
 GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS

INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING

Most agree that there is a need for one set of international accounting
standards. Here is why:
• Multinational corporations
• Mergers and acquisitions
• Information technology
• Financial markets

1-44
 GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS

Relevant Facts
Following are the key similarities and differences between U.S. GAAP and
IFRS related to the financial reporting environment.
Similarities
• Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for U.S. companies are
developed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). The FASB
is a private organization. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC) exercises oversight over the actions of the FASB. The IASB is also a
private organization. Oversight over the actions of the IASB is regulated by
IOSCO.

1-45
 GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS

Relevant Facts
Similarities
• Both the IASB and the FASB have essentially the same governance
structure, that is, a Foundation that provides oversight, a Board, an Advisory
Council, and an Interpretations Committee.
• The FASB relies on the U.S. SEC for regulation and enforcement of its
standards. The IASB relies primarily on IOSCO for regulation and
enforcement of its standards.
• Both the IASB and the FASB are working together to find common grounds
for convergence. A good example is the recent issuance of a new standard
on revenue recognition that both organizations support. Also, the Boards
are working together on other substantial projects such as the measurement
and classification of financial instruments.
1-46
 GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS

Relevant Facts
Differences
• U.S. GAAP is more detailed or rules-based. IFRS tends to simpler and more
flexible in the accounting and disclosure requirements. The difference in
approach has resulted in a debate about the merits of principles-based
versus rules-based standards.
• Differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS should not be surprising
because standard-setters have developed standards in response to
different user needs. In some countries, the primary users of financial
statements are private investors. In others, the primary users are tax
authorities or central government planners. In the United States, investors
and creditors have driven accounting-standard formulation.

1-47
 GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS

About The Numbers

The IASB has looked to the United States to determine the structure it should
follow in establishing IFRS. Presented is the FASB’s standard-setting structure.

1-48
 GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS

On the Horizon
Both the IASB and the FASB are hard at work developing standards that will
lead to the elimination of major differences in the way certain transactions are
accounted for and reported. In fact, beginning in 2010, the IASB (and the
FASB on its joint projects with the IASB) started its policy of phasing in
adoption of new major standards over several years. The major reason for this
policy is to provide companies time to translate and implement international
standards into practice.
Much has happened in a very short period of time in the international
accounting environment. It now appears likely that in a fairly short period of
time, companies around the world will be close to using a single set of high-
quality accounting standards.

1-49
 COPYRIGHT

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in
Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the
express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Request for further information should be addressed to the
Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser
may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for
distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for
errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these
programs or from the use of the information contained herein.

1-50