Scribd
Upload
8 views

Ankit Types of Errors (24P03F0025)

The document discusses various types of errors in numerical analysis, including inherent, absolute, round-off, truncation, relative, and percentage errors. Each type of error is defined and illustrated with examples to demonstrate their significance in numerical computations. Understanding these errors is crucial for improving accuracy in measurements and calculations.

Uploaded by

aaravdeepak96
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

Ankit Types of Errors (24P03F0025)

The document discusses various types of errors in numerical analysis, including inherent, absolute, round-off, truncation, relative, and percentage errors. Each type of error is defined and illustrated with examples to demonstrate their significance in numerical computations. Understanding these errors is crucial for improving accuracy in measurements and calculations.

Uploaded by

aaravdeepak96
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

Types of Errors

in Numerical
Analysis

Presented by:
Ankit Vishwakarm
Introduction

• What is Error in numerical method ?


• The difference between the true value of a quantity and the
approximate value computed or obtained by measurement is
called Error.

OR

• The error of a quantity is the difference between it’s true value


and approximate.
Error=True value –Approximate
value
Types of Errors

1-Inherent Error
2-Absolute Error
3-Round off Error
4-Truncation Error
5-Relative Error
6-Percentage Error
Inherent Error

• Inherent error in numerical


methods is an error that is
already present in the
problem statement before it
is solved. These errors can
arise from the data used, the
mathematical model, or the
limitations of the computing
device.
Example of Inherent Error:

• An example of an inherent error is


rounding error in numerical
calculations.
• For instance, when a computer stores the
value of 1/3, it approximates it as
0.333..., leading to small inaccuracies in
further calculations. This error is inherent
because digital systems cannot perfectly
represent certain fractions.
Absolute Error

• Absolute error is the difference


between a measured value and the
true or actual value. It is always a
positive quantity and is given by:

• Absolute Error=∣Measured Value−True Value


∣

• It indicates the magnitude of the error


without considering its direction.
Example of Absolute Error:
Example of Absolute Error:
If you measure a table’s length as 2.45
meters with a measuring tape, but the
actual length is 2.50 meters, the
absolute error is:

Absolute Error=∣Measured Value−True V


alue∣

=∣2.45−2.50∣=0.05 meters= | 2.45 -


2.50 | = 0.05

So, the absolute error is 0.05 meters.


Round off Error

Round-off error is the


difference between the exact
value of a number and its
rounded approximation. It
occurs due to the limitation of
representing numbers with a
finite number of digits in
numerical computations.
Example:- 8.584671295 ,
7.5467853 which can be round
off to 8.585 and 7.547
respectively.
8.584671295-8.585= -
0.000328705
Example of Round off Error:

• Example of Round-off Error:


• Imagine calculating the area of a circle with a radius of 5.678
meters using the formula:
• Area=Πr
2

• Using π ≈ 3.1416 (rounded), we get:


• Area≈3.1416×(5.678)
2

• ≈101.314
• if we use a more precise value of π ≈ 3.14159265, the result is
101.317.
• The difference (101.317 - 101.314 = 0.003) is a round-off
error caused by approximating π.
Truncation Error

• Truncation error is the error


caused by approximating a
mathematical process by a
simpler one, such as using a
finite number of terms in a
series expansion or numerical
method. It represents the
difference between the exact
solution and the approximate
solution.
Example of Truncation Error:

• When using the Taylor series to approximate sin(x), we often


truncate the series after a few terms for simplicity.
• For example, the Taylor series expansion of sin(x) around x = 0 is:
• sin(x)= sin(x)=x-x3/3!+x5/5!-x7/7!+….
• If we approximate sin(x) by keeping only the first term (sin(x) ≈
x), the truncation error for x = 0.5 is:
• Actual sin(0.5) ≈ 0.4794 Approximation 0.5
• Truncation Error=∣0.5−0.4794∣=0.0206
• This error arises because we truncated the infinite series,
ignoring the higher-order terms.
Relative Error

• Relative error is the ratio of the absolute


error to the true value, expressing the error
as a fraction or percentage of the actual
value. It is given by:
Relative Error=
∣Measured Value−True Value ∣
True value

• It indicates the accuracy of a measurement


relative to the actual value.
Example of Relative Error:

• If you measure a rod’s length as 9.8 cm,


but the actual length is 10 cm, the absolute
error is:
• Absolute Error=∣10−9.8∣=0.2 cm
• relative error is calculated as:
• Relative Error=
• Absolute Error/ True Value ​=0.2/10​=0.02
• So, the relative error is 0.02 or 2%,
indicating the error magnitude compared to
the actual measurement.
Percentage Error

Percentage error is the relative error expressed as a percentage. It

is calculated using the formula:

True value
Percentage Error= (∣Measured Value−True Value∣​)×100

It indicates how large the error is in comparison to the actual value,

providing a clearer sense of accuracy.


Example of Percentage Error:
Question Related to types of error:
A scientist measures the length of a metal rod as 20.3 cm, but the
actual length is 20.5 cm.
Solution:

Absolute Error = ∣Measured Value−Actual Value∣

Absolute Error=∣20.3−20.5∣=0.2 cm

So, the absolute error in this measurement is


0.2 cm.
A scientist measures the mass of a substance as 4.8 g, but the actual mass is 5.0 g.
Solution:
Relative Error= Absolute Error​
Actual Value

Calculate Absolute Error

Absolute Error=∣4.8−5.0∣=0.2 g

Calculate Relative Error

Relative Error= 0.2/5.0=0.04

So, the relative error is 0.04 or 4% (when expressed as a percentage).


A student measures the volume of a liquid as 48 mL, but the actual volume is 50
mL.

Solution:

Calculate Absolute Error:


Absolute Error=∣48−50∣=2 ml
Calculate Percentage Error:
Percentage Error=(2/50)*100=4%

So, the percentage error in this


Find the round off error divide 10 by 3 and round the result to two
decimal places?

• Exact value: 10÷3=3.3333333...

• Rounded value (to two decimal places):


3.33
• Round-off error:
Error= ∣3.33−3.3333333...∣
=0.0033333...

Even though the error is small, repeated rounding in calculations can


accumulate and lead to significant inaccuracies in scientific and engineering
applications
Approximating a Function Using a Taylor Series
The exponential function ex can be represented as an infinite Taylor series:

Solution:

If we approximate ex using only the first


three terms of the series, the truncation
error is the difference between the actual
value and the approximation.

Example Calculation for x=1


Actual value: e^1≈2.718

You might also like