No Choice

would be given

(QUANTUM
PHYSICS)

Prerequisite:

Basic knowledge of Quantum Mechanics & Condensed Matter Physics

Syllab
us
6. Poole Jr. CP & Owens FJ, “Introduction to NT”, Wiley India 2006

7. Sulabha Kulkarni, “Nanotechnology: Principles & Practices”, Capitol Publishing Company, 2011

8. Jasprit Singh, “Solid State Devices: Basic Principles”, Wiley 2004

9. BG Streetman & Sanjay Banerjee, “Solid State Electronic Devices”, Pearson, 1988/ 2016
 https://www.nano.gov/about-nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is
“science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale,
which is about 1 to 100 nm.”

It involves Nanomaterials (Having at least 1 dimension in the range 1 to 100 nm)

or Nano-structured materials.
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at the nanoscale.

Unique phenomena at this scale enable novel applications, since

the matter can exhibit

unusual physical, chemical, and biological properties at the nanoscale,

differing in important ways from the properties of bulk materials, single atoms, and molecules.
 https://www.nano.gov/about-nanotechnology

Some nanostructured materials

are stronger

or have different magnetic properties

or are better at conducting heat or electricity

Are chemically more reactive,

Or reflect light better,

or change color as their size or structure is altered.

https://www.nano.gov/about-nanotechnology/applications-nanotechnology
The history of nanotechnology and its applications in nature start at the very beginning of life
(without any efforts from the man).

Single-celled creatures, representing the first forms of life, contained RNA, DNA, and genes

that held within them all the basic information for the life of an organism.

These genetic building blocks include all the coded information required

to produce systems similar to their own

— a trait interpreted in nanoscience as being characteristic of a nanoassembler.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128135860000043
https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/
Since the humans first expressed interest in the production of nanostructured materials,

to apply it to various aspects of life,

both the volume of research and the attention it has attracted

have shown surprising development.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128135860000043
The benefits of nanotechnology aren’t limited to scientists and engineers only.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128135860000043
 https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/10-ways-nanotechnology-impac

10 Ways Nanotechnology Impacts Our Daily Lives

1. Faster, smaller, and more powerful computers

Nanotechnology contributes to compact, efficient computers that consume far less power and
use long-lasting batteries.

Circuits made from carbon nanotubes could be vital in maintaining the growth of computer
power, allowing Moore's Law to continue.

2. Faster, more accurate medical diagnostic equipment.

With lab-on-a-chip technology enabling point-of-care testing in real-time,

nanotechnology helps to speed up the delivery of medical care.

Additionally, nanomaterial surfaces on implants improve wear and resist infection.

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law

A semi-log plot of transistor counts for microprocessors against dates of introduction,

nearly doubling every two years
 10 Ways Nanotechnology Impacts Our Daily Lives (contd…)

3. Improved pharmaceutical products

The use of nanoparticles in pharmaceutical products

makes them easier for the body to absorb—and

easier to deliver , often through combination medical devices.

Nanoparticles can also deliver chemotherapy drugs to specific cells, such as cancer cells
(Targetted Drug Delivery).

https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/10-ways-nanotechnology-impacts-lives
4. Improved vehicle fuel efficiency and corrosion resistance

By building vehicle parts from nanocomposite materials

that are lighter, stronger, and more chemically resistant than metal,

NT helps to improve fuel efficiency and corrosion resistance.

Nanofilters remove nearly all airborne particles from the air

before it reaches the combustion chamber, further improving gas mileage.

The under-body panels on the new C7

Chevrolet Corvette are made of
nanocomposite carbon.
Image: Tuner Tom / Wikimedia Commons
5. Stain-resistant, water-resistant, and flame-resistant fabrics
Nano-whiskers
Nanoparticles, or nanofibers, in fabrics can enhance

stain resistance,

water resistance, and

flame resistance

without a significant increase in the weight, thickness, or stiffness of the fabric.

For example, “nano-whiskers” on trousers/ pants make them resistant to water and stains.
6. Improved water quality

Water filters that are only 15-20 nanometers wide

can remove nano-sized particles,

including virtually all viruses and bacteria.

These cost-efficient, portable water treatment systems

are ideal for improving the quality of drinking water in emerging countries.
7. Stronger, lighter-weight sports equipment

Carbon nanotubes have a variety of commercial uses,

such as improving the design of sports equipment.

For example, a tennis racket made with carbon nanotubes

bends less during impact and

increases the force and accuracy of the delivery.

Nanoparticle-treated tennis balls can keep bouncing

twice as long as standard tennis balls.

8. Reduced UV exposure

Most sunscreens today are made from

nanoparticles

that effectively absorb light, including the

more dangerous ultraviolet range.

They also spread more easily over the skin.

These same nanoparticles are also used in

food packaging

to reduce UV exposure and

prolong shelf life.

9. Increased shelf life of plastic bottles

Many drink bottles are made from plastics containing nanoclays,

which increase resistance to permeation by oxygen, carbon dioxide, and moisture.

This helps retain carbonation and pressure and increases shelf life by several months.

10. Enhanced surveillance and security systems

Thanks to nanotechnology, a huge variety of chemical sensors can be programmed

to detect a particular chemical at amazingly low levels—e.g., a single molecule out of billions.

This capability is ideal for surveillance & security systems at labs, industrial sites, and airports.

On the medical front, nanosensors can also be used to accurately identify particular cells or
substances in the body.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/
B9780128135860000043
 https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/10-ways-nanotechnology-impa
cts-lives
ASME =American Society of Mechanical
Engineers
These are just a few of the thousands of ways in which nanotechnology impacts society,

with important nanotechnology achievements continuing to be announced almost daily.

e.g., researchers at George Washington University have discovered a way to draw CO2
from the atmosphere and convert it into high-yield carbon nanofibers
that can be used in manufacturing.

"Such nanofibers are used to make strong carbon composites, e.g. such as those used in
the Boeing Dreamliner
the Boeing Dreamliner, as well as in
high-end sports equipment,
wind turbine blades, and
a host of other products,"

says chemistry professor Stuart Licht, who led the research team.