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Physical Science SHS Lesson 14.4 Models of the Universe

The document discusses the evolution of models of the universe, transitioning from the geocentric model, which places Earth at the center, to the heliocentric model, where the sun is at the center of the solar system. Key figures such as Eudoxus, Aristotle, Aristarchus, Ptolemy, and Copernicus are highlighted for their contributions to these models. The document emphasizes the differences between the two models and the historical context of their development.

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7 views

Physical Science SHS Lesson 14.4 Models of the Universe

The document discusses the evolution of models of the universe, transitioning from the geocentric model, which places Earth at the center, to the heliocentric model, where the sun is at the center of the solar system. Key figures such as Eudoxus, Aristotle, Aristarchus, Ptolemy, and Copernicus are highlighted for their contributions to these models. The document emphasizes the differences between the two models and the historical context of their development.

Uploaded by

tleamae21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 14.

Models of the Universe


describe the evolution
of the early models of
Objective 1 the planetary objects;
sAt the end and
of the compare and contrast
lesson, you the prevailing early
2 models of the
should be
able to: planetary objects.
Learn about It!

• The history of the model of the universe transition from


the geocentric to the heliocentric model over time.

• The heliocentric model places the sun as the center


of the solar system and the planets orbit around it.

• The geocentric model has the earth at the center of


the solar system.
Learn about It!

Eudoxus and a Geocentric Universe


• Eudoxus of Cnidus proposed a model of the universe
to explain the apparent opposite motion of some
planets. (retrograde motion).
• He placed Earth at the center and explained that various
spheres are needed to explain the observed movement
of objects.
• The spheres spin around different axes on a steady
motion.
• The sun’s sphere revolves around the earth once every
Learn about It!

Eudoxus’ model of the


universe.
Learn about It!

Aristotle and a Finite, Eternal, and


Geocentric Universe
• Just like Eudoxus, Aristotle’s universe is geocentric which
places the sun and other planetary objects around Earth.

• He added that the universe is finite in terms of space


and eternal in time.

• In his model, the universe was spherical but infinite.


Concentric spheres surrounded Earth, with objects
following perfectly circular orbits that were guided by
“souls”.
Learn about It!

Aristotle’s model of the


universe.
Learn about It!

Aristarchus and the Distance to the Sun and


Moon
• Aristarchus of Samos was the first person to attempt
to calculate the distance of the earth to the sun during
the 3rd century.

• He conducted this by measuring the angle between the


moon and the sun and applied the principles of
trigonometry.

• The ratio between the distances is equivalent to the


cosine of the angle.
Learn about It!

Aristarchus and the Distance to the Sun and


Moon

Aristarchus principle in measuring the distance between the earth and


the sun.
Learn about It!

Aristarchus and the Distance to the Sun and


Moon
• Aristarchus described Earth as
a body that rotated daily
around an axis and revolved
annually around the sun.

• The stars were fixed in a large


sphere with the sun at the
center.

Aristarchus’ model of the universe.


Learn about It!

Ptolemy and Epicycles


• Ptolemy adapted Aristotle’s geocentric theory of the
universe.

• Ptolemy’s idea is that the planets do not orbit in


perfect circles around the earth.
Learn about It!

Ptolemy and Epicycles


• Ptolemy proposed another model where the whole
universe moved about a fixed, stationary Earth.

• He accounted for the apparent motions of the planets


around the earth by assuming that each planet moved
around a sphere called an epicycle.

• The center of the epicycle moved on a larger sphere


called a deferent.
Learn about It!
Ptolemy and Epicycles

Ptolemy’s model of the universe.


Learn about It!
Ptolemy and Epicycles

• He noted that the motion


of the planet could be
described by large loops
where the planet moves
in a retrograde motion.

Ptolemy’s proposed epicycle


movement of the planet.
Learn about It!
Ptolemy and Epicycles

• Ptolemy’s model was able to predict the movements


of the planets with certain accuracy but it was not
able to explain the observable changes in the phases
of Venus.
Learn about It!

Copernicus and a Heliocentric Universe


• Nicolaus Copernicus
introduced the concept of a
heliocentric universe -- the
sun is at its center.

• He explained that Earth is


only one of the many planets
that revolve around the sun.

Copernican model of the universe.


Learn about It!

Copernicus and a Heliocentric Universe


• Taking the apparent movement of the stars in the sky
into account, he explained that Earth spins around its
axis.

• His model was able to successfully explain the


observed changes in the phases of Venus.
Key Points

The heliocentric model places the sun as the center of


1 the solar system and the planets orbit around it.

The geocentric model has the earth at the center of


2 the solar system and the sun together with all the
other planets orbiting around it.
Key Points

Ancient Greek astronomer, Eudoxus of Cnidus


presented a mathematical theory of the universe
3 model. Eudoxus of Cnidus proposed a model of the
universe to explain the apparent opposite motion of
some planets (called retrograde motion).

Aristarchus of Samos is the first person to attempt to


4 calculate the distance of the earth to the sun during
the 3rd century BCE.
Key Points
Roman astronomer, Ptolemy adapted Aristotle’s
geocentric theory of the universe. Ptolemy’s idea is
that the planets do not orbit in perfect circles around
5 the earth. Some planetary objects like the Mars
appear to
move backwards first then move forward in large
loops.
Polish astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus introduced
the concept of a heliocentric universe where the sun
6 serves as its center. He explained that Earth is only
one of the many planets that revolve around the sun.
Check Your Understanding

Complete the Venn diagram to compare


the heliocentric and geocentric models of
the solar system.
Challenge Yourself

During the early times, the Catholic church


believes that the geocentric model is true. If
you had the chance to live during that period,
how would you convince the church about the
heliocentric model?
Bibliography

Botkin, Daniel B. and Edward Keller. 2011. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet: John
Wiley and Sons Inc.

Cunningham, William P. and Mary Ann Cunningham. 2010. Environmental Science: A Global
Concern: McGraw Hill.

Cutnell et al. 1995. Physics. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Hurd et al. 1988. Physical Science. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Mulligan, Joseph F. 1985. Introductory College Physics. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

Tipler, Paul Allen. 1999. Physics for Scientists and Engineers. New York: W.H. Freeman and
Company/Worth Publishers.

Zitzewitz et al., 1995. Physics, Principles and Problems. New York: McGraw-Hill.

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