ELECTRIC POWER

Substation
 SUBSTATION

Assembly of equipment used to

change some characteristic (voltage,
ac to dc, frequency, power factor, etc.)
It plays an important part of the
electrical system as it acts a bridge in
transferring the electricity from the
power generation source unit to the
end consumers
POWER SYSTEM
 Functions of Substation
1. Change voltage from one level to another
2. Regulate voltage to compensate for
system voltage changes
3. Switch transmission and distribution
circuits into and out of the grid system
4. Measure electric power quantities
flowing in the circuits
5. Connect communication signals to the
circuits
6. Eliminate lightning and other electrical
surges from the system
7. Electric generation plants connected to
the system
8. Make interconnections between the
electric systems of more than one utility
9. Control reactive kilovolt-amperes supplied
to and the flow of reactive kilovolt-
amperes in the circuits.
10. Alternating current converted to DC or
Dc to AC.
11. Frequency changed from one value to
another.
 Pointers in Laying out a
Substation

 It should be located at a proper site. It should be

located at the center of gravity of load.
 It should be easily operated and maintained.
 It should involve minimum capital cost.
 For safety, consideration must be given to the
maintenance of regulation clearances, facilities for
carrying out repairs and maintenance, abnormal
occurrences such as possibility of explosion or fire.
 For reliability, consideration must be given for good
design and construction, the provision of suitable
protective gear
CLASSIFICATION OF
SUBSTATION

BASED ON NATURE
OF DUTIES
 1. STEP-UP SUBSTATION

The step-up substations are linked to

generating stations directly as generation is
achieved in lower voltages. Hence, these
voltages are needed to be stepped-up for
economical transmission of electrical energy
over greater distance. The step-up substation
may have circuit breakers which are utilized for
transmission and generation circuits in the case
when required to be shut down. The specified
voltages which are leaving the step-up
transmission are to be analyzed through
customer’s needs
 Step-up Substation

These substations are associated

with the power generating plants
where the voltage is stepped up from
low voltage (3.3, 6.6, 11, 33kV ) to
220kV or 400kV for transmitting the
power so that huge amount of power
can be transmitted over a large
distance to load center.
Step-up Electric Substation
 2. STEP-DOWN SUBSTATION

The step-down substations are linked

with load centers as there is a requirement
of different voltage levels for various loads. The
step-down substations are capable to change
the voltage levels of transmission to usually
69kv. The lines of the substation are then
serving as a source to that of the
distribution substation. Moreover, some of
the power is tapped from the substation line
to be used for industrial purposes in the
way
2. STEP-DOWN SUBSTATION
3. Primary Grid /Transmission Electrical
Power Substation
The primary grid substations are linked
with bulk load centers alongside primary
lines of transmissions. The voltages are
stepped-down at various voltage ranges for
purpose of secondary transmission.
Such substations are located at suitable
load centers along with the primary
transmission lines. At primary Grid Power
Substations the primary transmission
voltage (220kV or 400kV) is stepped down
to secondary transmission voltages
(110kV) .
PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION
 :
4. SECONDARY STEP DOWN
SUBSTATION
The secondary substations are lined
alongside secondary transmission lines
adjacent to loads. The voltages here are
further stepped-down for purpose of
distribution.
Secondary Power Substations are situated
at the load centers where the voltage is
further stepped down to Sub transmission
Voltage or Primary Distribution Voltages
(11kV or 33kV).
 5. DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

 The distribution substations are located at the lace

where voltages of primary distribution are being
stepped-down. These voltages are for consumers to
use for their actual loads. These substations are
having high-voltage bearable wires and conductors
having one neutral to ground and 4 live wires.
 Such substations are located at the load centers.
Here the Sub transmission Voltages of Distribution
Voltages (11kV or 33kV) are stepped down to
Secondary Distribution Voltages (400kV or 230kV).
From these Substations power will be fed to the
consumers to their terminals.
Distribution Substation
Distribution Substation
 6. Mobile Substation

The mobile substations are only for a

dedicated purpose and are temporary in
nature i.e. mainly for giant constructions. A
mobile substation is supposed to fulfill
power requirements of the under-
construction structures. These substations
are a source of temporary electrical supply
and its maintenance is very easy. It has
vibrant protection from blackouts, fires,
weather disturbance, and sabotage etc.
Mobile Substation
 7. INDUSTRIAL SUBSTATION

The industrial substations are also known

as bulk substations and are traditionally
referred to as distributive substation,
however, these are for dedicated consumers
only e.g. industries requiring bulk power to
be supplied.
ELECTRIC SUPPLY SYSTEM
CLASSIFICATION OF
SUBSTATION

BASED ON SERVICE
RENDERED
 1. CONVERTER SUBSTATION

Converter substations contain

equipment that changes the frequency
of current from higher to lower and
can also convert AC to DC or the
reverse also.
Use to convert ac power into dc [power
by using stactic converting devices
like SCRs. (silicon-controlled rectifier)
Used for traction, electroplating and
welding
 2. Switching Substation

Switching substations are meant for switching

operations of power lines without transforming the
voltages. At these substations different connections
are made between various transmission lines.

The function of these switching station includes

switching the power line without altering the voltages
as they are placed in between the transmission lines. It
also isolates the faulted portion of the systems and de-
energize faulted equipment which helps the grid
operate with stability.
Switching Substation
 COLLECTOR SUBSTATION

These substations are primarily used

in distributed power generation
projects like wind farms, hydroelectric
projects etc where power flow from
multiple power sources can be
collected and distributed to the grid
by stepping up the transmission
voltage.
COLLECTOR SUBSTATION
 Transformer substation

Transformers are installed

on such Substations to
transform the power from one
voltage level to other voltage
level
 Frequency Changer
Substation

The power frequency is changed.

For ac traction, the frequency is
converted from 25 hz to 50 hz.
Power factor Correction Substations

Substations to improve the power

factor of the system .

They are generally located at the

receiving end of transmission lines.

These substations generally use

synchronous condenser as the power
factor improvement.
CLASSIFICATION OF
SUBSTATION

BASED ON OPERATION
VOLTAGE
 Based on Operation Voltage

1. High Voltage Electrical Power Substation:

This type of Substation associated with operating
voltages between 11kV and 66kV.
2. Extra High Voltage Electrical Power Substation:
This type of Substation is associated where the
operating voltage is between 132kV and 400kV.
3. Ultra High Voltage Electrical Power Substation:
Substations where Operating Voltages are above
400kV is called Ultra High Voltage Substation
4. Direct Current High Voltage Substation (dc HV)
 Operating voltages are ±250 kV, ±400 kV, ±500 kV
CLASSIFICATION OF
SUBSTATION

BASED ON
SUBSTATION DESIGN
1. Outdoor Electrical Power Substations

In Outdoor Power Substations

, the various electrical
equipments are installed in the
switchyard below the sky.
Electrical equipment are mounted
on support structures to obtain
sufficient ground clearance.
Outdoor Substation
 2. Pole mounted substation

The pole mounted substations are majorly

distribution substations which are
constructed on the structure of two, four, or
sometimes six or more poles.
In such substations, there is a need of
mounting distribution transformers over
poles along side of isolator switches.
The single pole is also known as H pole and 4
pole structures are more relevant which are
operating at 25KVA, 125KVA, and 225KVA.
Pole mounted substation
Pole-Mounted Sub-station
Indoor Electrical Power Substation

Indoor Power Substations the

apparatus is installed within the
substation building. Such
substations are usually for the
rating of 66kV.
Indoor Substation
Indoor-GIS Substation
Indoor (Metal Clad Switchgear)
 UNDERGORUND SUBSTATION

The underground substations are

built in ground or subversive. These
substations are built in congested
places where building open
air/outdoor substations are not
possible. However, the design of such
substations is very complex. The usual
voltage level of such substation varies
from 34500/19920 to about 4160/2400
volts.
UNDERGROUND SUBSTATION
CLASSIFICATION OF
SUBSTATION

BASED ON
CONFIGURATION
 1. CONVENTIONAL
Outdoor with Air Insulated Electrical Power Substation

The substation which installs for high

voltage requirements outside the building
construction.
These substations install for beyond the
66kV voltage level.
The cost of the outdoor substation is high.
Air - Insulated Substation
 INDOOR SUBSTATION

The substation which installs for low voltage

requirements inside the building construction

These substations install up to the 66kV

voltage level.
The cost of the indoor substation is low.
SF6/Gas Insulated Electrical Power Substation
In Gas Insulated Substation Various
Power Substation equipments like Circuit
Breakers, Current Transformers, Voltage
Transformers, Busbars, Earth Switches, Surge
Arresters, Isolators etc are in the form of
metal enclosed SF6 gas modules. The modules
are assembled in accordance with the required
Configuration. The various Live parts are
enclosed in the metal enclosures (modules)
containing SF6 gas at high pressure. Thus the
size of Power Substation reduces to 8% to 10%
of the Air Insulated Power Substation.
GIS Substation Indoor
GIS Substation Outdoor
Indoor Substation
 Composite/Hybrid Electric Power Substation

Hybrid Substations are the

combination of both Conventional
Substation and Gas Insulated
Substation. Some bays in a Power
Substation are Gas Insulated Type and
some are Air Insulated Type. The
design is based on convenience, Local
Conditions available, area available
and Cost.
Hybrid Electric Power Substation
Substation
Equipment
 Transformer

Transformers raise or lower the

voltage as needed to serve the
transmission or distribution circuits
Power Transformer
Instrument Transformer
 Voltage or Potential Transformer
 Current Transformer
Power Transformer
 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

 Instrument Transformers are used in AC system for measurement of

electrical quantities i.e. voltage, current , power power, energy, power factor,
frequency. Instrument transformers are also used with protective relays for
protection of power system.

 Basic function of Instrument transformers is to step down the AC System

voltage and current. The voltage and current level of power system is very high.
It is very difficult and costly to design the measuring instruments for
measurement of such high-level voltage and current.
 Generally measuring instruments are designed for 5 A and 110 V.
 Types of Instrument Transformer

1. Potential transformer - an instrument transformer used for the

transformation of voltage from a higher value to the lower value. This
transformer step down the voltage to a safe limit value which can be
easily measured by the ordinary low voltage instrument like a
voltmeter, wattmeter and watt-hour meters, etc.
Potential Transformer
 Current Transformer
 Current transformer is used for the transformation of
current from a higher value into a proportionate current to a
lower value. It transforms the high voltage current into the
low voltage current due to which the heavy current flows
through the transmission lines is safely monitored by the
ammeter.
 Current ratings are of the order of 5A, 1A and 0.1A. The
current primary ratings vary from 10A to 3000A or more.
Current Transformer
 Circuit Breaker

Circuit breaker is an electrical switch designed to protecan

electrical circuit from damage caused by overcurrent/overload or
short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after protective
relays detect a fault.
A switching device which can be operated manually and
automatically for controlling and protecting an electrical power system.
Types of Circuit Breaker according to ARC quenching
 Oil Circuit Breaker
 Air Circuit Breaker
 Gas Circuit Breaker
 Vacuum Circuit Breaker
 ARC

During opening of current carrying contacts in

a circuit breaker the medium in between
opening contacts become highly ionized
through which the interrupting current gets
low resistive path and continues to flow
through this path even the contacts are
physically separated.
During the flowing of current from one contact
to other the path becomes so heated that it
glows. This is called arc.
Oil Circuit Breaker
 Air Circuit Breaker
Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) is an electrical
device used to provide Overcurrent and
short-circuit protection for
electric circuits over 800 Amps to 10K
Amps. These are usually used in low
voltage applications below 450V.
Gas/SF6 Circuit Breaker
Vacuum Circuit Breaker
 DISCONECTING SWITCH/ISOLATOR

A disconnecting switch (disconnector) is a mechanical

switching device which energizes and de-energizes parts
of an electrical circuit
 Batteries

Batteries are used in

the substation
control house as a
backup to power the
control systems in
case of a power
blackout
 Metal-clad Switchgear

It can be either for outdoor use or indoor use

An outdoor metal-clad switchgear is a
weatherproof housing for circuit breakers,
protective relays, meters, current
transformers, potential transformers, bus
conductors, and other equipment
An indoor switchgear must be protected from
the environment and contains the same types
of equipment as the outdoor type
Metal-clad Switchgear
 Lightning Arresters

are protective devices for limiting surge

voltages due to lightning strikes or
equipment faults or other events, to prevent
damage to equipment and disruption of
service
Also called surge arresters
are installed on many different pieces of
equipment such as power poles and towers,
power transformers, circuit breakers, bus
structures, and steel superstructures in
substations
Lightning Arresters
 Capacitor Bank

Capacitors are used

to control the level of
the voltage supplied
to the customer by
reducing or
eliminating the
voltage drop in the
system caused by
inductive reactive
loads
 Concrete Foundations

Concrete
foundations or
pads are laid for
all large
equipment,
support structures,
and control
buildings in a
substation
 Meters

are measuring
devices and can be an
indicating meter or a
recording meter
A recording meter
makes a permanent
record of the quantity
being measured
Newer recording
meters store the
information
electronically
 Power-line Carrier

A power line
carrier is
communication
equipment that
operates at radio-
frequencies,
generally below
600 kilohertz, to
transmit
information over
electric power
transmission
 Rectifiers

A rectifier
is a device
used to
convert
alternating
current to
direct
current
 Relays
Is a low-powered
device used to
activate a high-
powered device
Are used to trigger
circuit breakers
and other switches
in substations and
transmission and
distribution
systems
 Shunt Reactors

Shunt reactors
are used in an
extra high-
voltage
substation to
neutralize
inductive
reactance in long
EHV
transmission
 Steel Superstructures

Steel
superstructures are
used to support
equipment, lines,
and switches in
substations as well
as transmission and
distribution line
towers and poles
 Supervisory Control

Supervisory control refers to equipment that

allows for remote control of a substation's
functions from a system control center or
other point of control
Supervisory control can be used to:
operate circuit breakers,
operate tap changers on power transformers,
supervise the position and condition of
equipment, and
telemeter the quantity of energy in a circuit
or in substation equipment.
 SCADA
(Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition)
 BUS BAR

An electrical bus bar is defined as a

conductor or a group of conductor used for
collecting electric power from the incoming
feeders and distributes them to the outgoing
feeders. In other words, it is a type of
electrical junction in which all the incoming
and outgoing electrical current meets.
 BUS BARS

The term used for the

main bar or
conductor carrying an
electric current to
which many
connections can be
made

Bus bars are copper

or aluminum bars and
operate at constant
voltage.
 Transmission Bus

Transmission
buses are steel
structure arrays
of switches used
to route power
into a substation
 Distribution Bus

A distribution
bus is a steel
structure array
of switches used
to route power
out of a
substation
SUBSTATION SYMBOL
 BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT

• Single Bus
• Main Bus and Transfer Bus
• Double Bus Double Breaker
• Double Bus Single Breaker
• Ring Bus
• Breaker and Half
1. Single Bus

The single bus substation

configuration consists of all circuits
connected to a main bus.

A fault on the bus or between the

bus and circuit breaker will result in
an outage of the entire bus or
substation.

Failure of a single circuit breaker

will also result in an outage of the
entire bus.
2. Main and Transfer Bus

In this arrangement one or more

busses is added to the single bus
substation scheme.

One or more circuit breakers may be

used in this arrangement to make
connections between the main and
transfer bus.

This bus scheme is more costly than

the single bus configuration but is
more reliable and can be easily
expanded.
3. Double bus, Double breaker

This configuration utilizes two

buses and two breakers per circuit,
both buses are normally energized,
and any circuit can be removed for
maintenance without an outage on
the corresponding circuit.

Failure of one of the two buses will

not interrupt a circuit because all of
the circuits can be fed from the
remaining bus and isolating the
failed bus.
4. Double bus, Single breaker

Substations utilizing this configuration

are supplied with two busses. Each
circuit is equipped with a single breaker
and is connected to both buses using
isolators.

The double bus single breaker scheme

is more expensive and requires more
installation space than the single bus
configuration.

It is common to find this scheme with an

additional transfer bus in EHV
transmission substations.
5. Ring Bus

The circuit breakers are

connected to form a ring, with
isolators on both sides of each
breaker. Circuits terminate
between the breakers and each
circuit is fed from both sides.

This scheme has good

operational flexibility and high
reliability, any of the circuit
breakers can be opened and
isolated for maintenance
without interruption of service.
6. Breaker and Half

This configuration uses two main

buses, both of which are normally
energized with three breakers
connected between the buses.

Any circuit breaker can be isolated

and removed for maintenance
purposes without interrupting
supply to any of the other circuits.
Additionally, one of the two main
busses can be removed for
maintenance without interruption of
service to any of the other circuits.
One line Diagram of Substation
LAYOUT OF SUBSTATION