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Lecture 4 Working Principle of CI and SI Engine

The document discusses the principles of operation for compression and spark ignition engines, detailing their classifications, operational requirements, and the four-stroke and two-stroke cycles. It highlights the differences between compression ignition (diesel) and spark ignition (petrol) engines, including their fuel intake, ignition methods, and efficiency. Additionally, it compares the characteristics and performance of four-stroke petrol and diesel engines, as well as two-stroke engines.

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muhammedhummain
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2 views

Lecture 4 Working Principle of CI and SI Engine

The document discusses the principles of operation for compression and spark ignition engines, detailing their classifications, operational requirements, and the four-stroke and two-stroke cycles. It highlights the differences between compression ignition (diesel) and spark ignition (petrol) engines, including their fuel intake, ignition methods, and efficiency. Additionally, it compares the characteristics and performance of four-stroke petrol and diesel engines, as well as two-stroke engines.

Uploaded by

muhammedhummain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE- 4

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF
COMPRESSION AND SPARK
IGNITION ENGINE
Engines may be classified as;
•Ignition Place : External or Internal combustion
•Fuel Used : Petrol, diesel or gas engines
•No. of stroke : 2-stroke or 4-stroke
•Fuel Ignition : Spark ignition (Petrol engine) or
Compression ignition (Diesel engine)

•Spark ignition (SI) engines:


• A compressed, homogeneous air-fuel mixture (15:1 ratio of air to fuel by
mass) is ignited using a spark.

•Compression ignition (CI) engines:


• Rapid compression of air to a high pressure raises the temperature so that
fuel, when delivered into combustion chamber, spontaneously ignites
without need for a spark
• Often referred to as a Diesel engine
Requirements for
I.C. Engine Operation

• All Internal combustion engines


must carry out four events:
• Air or Air-fuel mixture must
be brought into the
combustion chamber.
• Mixture must be compressed.
• Mixture must be ignited and
burning mixture must expand
into increasing combustion
chamber volume.
• Exhaust gases must be
removed from the cylinder.
4-Stroke Cycle Engine Operation
In four-stroke cycle engines there are four
strokes completing two revolutions of the
crankshaft. These are respectively
•Suction
•Compression
•Power
•Exhaust
Intake/Suction Stroke
• Intake valve opens while
exhaust valve remains
closed.
• Piston moves down (TDC
to BDC) in the cylinder.
• Low pressure is created
in cylinder.
• Air enter into the cylinder
due to pressure
differences or partial
vacuum created by the
movement of the piston .
Compression Stroke

• Both valves remain


closed.
• Piston moves from BDC
to TDC and compresses
the air or air fuel mixture
into the clearance volume
thus raising the pressure
and temperature of the air
in case of diesel engine
and air fuel mixture in
case of petrol engine.
Power Stroke
• Both valves are closed
• Fuel is injected onto the
compressed air in the
combustion chamber using
fuel injector or atomizer in
case of diesel engine while
spark is provided to the
compressed air fuel mixture
in case of petrol engine.
• Air-fuel mixture burns rapidly
resulting combustion process.
• Expansion of the burning air-
fuel mix applies force to the
head of the piston.
• Piston is driven down in the
cylinder with high speed.
Exhaust Stroke

• Exhaust valve opens


while inlet valve
remains closed.
• Piston moves from
BDC to TDC and
sweep out burnt gases
through the exhaust
valve.
4-Stroke Cycle C.I. Engine
Comparison of 4-Stroke Cycle for C.I. And
S.I. Engines
Stroke C.I. (Diesel) S.I. (Gasoline)
Intake Air only Air-fuel mix

Compression C.R. > 14:1 C.R. 6:1 – 12:1


Temp > 729 oF

Power No difference

Exhaust No difference
Operation of two-stroke engine

The two stroke engine employs the


crankcase as well as the cylinder to
achieve all the elements of the cycle in
only two strokes of the piston.

360 degrees rotation of crankshaft


completes the cycle.
Intake & Compression stroke

Intake. The fuel/air mixture is first drawn


into
the crankcase by the vacuum created during
the upward stroke of the piston through the
suction port.

Compression. The piston then rises, driven by


flywheel momentum, and compresses the fuel
mixture. (At the same time, another intake stroke
is happening beneath the piston).
Power & Exhaust/Transfer Stroke
Power. At the top of the stroke the spark
plug ignites the fuel mixture. The burning
fuel expands, driving the piston
downward.

Exhaust/Transfer: Toward the end of this


stroke, the piston exposes the intake port,
allowing the compressed fuel/air mixture in
the crankcase to escape around the piston into
the main cylinder. This expels the exhaust
gasses out the exhaust port, usually located on
the opposite side of the cylinder.
Comparison of 4-Stroke
Petrol vs. 4-Stroke Diesel Engines
• In petrol engine, mixture of air and petrol is taken into the
cylinder during suction stroke whereas only clean air is
sucked in diesel engine.
• Injector is used to inject or spray the diesel fuel into the
cylinder whereas in petrol engines no injector.
• Electric spark plug is used to ignite the mixture in petrol
engines whereas in diesel engines no spark plug is used.
• A carburetor to vaporize the petrol is used in petrol
engines. But in diesel engines fuel is converted into mist
with the help of a fuel injection pump and injector.
• The compression ratio of diesel engine is higher than that
of a petrol engine.
Comparison of 4-Stroke
Petrol vs. 4-Stroke Diesel Engines
• The working temperature of diesel engine is higher than
that of a petrol engine.
• Diesel engine is heavier than petrol engine for the same
horsepower rating due to its higher compression ratio,
which demands a heavy cylinder block.
• Diesel engine develops more power from same quantity of
fuel and hence it is more efficient.
• Petrol engine is more complicated to repair as compared
to diesel engine due to complicated circuits of carburetor
and ignition system.
• The petrol engine accelerates (speed up) more rapidly
than that of a diesel engine due to its lighter weight.
Comparison of Two-Stroke
vs. Four-Stroke Cycle Engines

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