Foundations of

Curriculum
Development
Prepared by Paul Syrel P. Erni, LPT.
 Curriculum development is anchored on a very solid
foundation. Although considered to be a new discipline,
its significance in the light of global developments has
now been acknowledged. What philosophical, historical,
psychological and sociological influences inform the
current school curriculum? How do these foundations
reflect the development of curriculum in our 21st century
classrooms and learning environment? Who are the
identified curricularists with these foundations?
1. Philosophical Foundation

Educators, teachers, educational planners and policy

makers must have a philosophy or strong belief about education and
schooling and the kind of curriculum in the teachers’ classrooms or
learning environment.
The various activities in school are influenced in one way or
another by a philosophy. John Dewey influenced the use of “learning by
doing”, he being a pragmatist. Or to an essentialist, the focus on the
fundamentals of reading, writing and arithmetic are essential subjects in
the curriculum.
 Philosophies of Education
by Ornstein and Hunkins
2004
Perennialism Essentialism
Aim: To educate the rational Aim: To promote intellectual
person; cultivate intellect growth of learners to become
Role: Teachers assist students to competent
think with reason (critical Role: Teachers are sole
thinking HOTS) authorities in the subject area
Focus: Classical subjects, literary Focus: Essential skills of the 3Rs;
analysis. Curriculum is essential subjects
enduring. Trends: Back to basics, Excellence
Trends: Use of great books (Bible, in Education, cultural literacy
Koran, Classics) and Liberal
Arts
 Philosophies of Education
by Ornstein and Hunkins
2004
Progressivism Reconstructionism
Aim: Promote democratic social Aim: To improve and reconstruct
living society. Education for change
Role: Teacher leads for growth Role: Teacher acts as agent of
and development of lifelong change and reforms
learners Focus: Present and future
Focus: Interdisciplinary subjects. educational landscape
Learner-centered, outcomes- Trends: School and curricular
based reform, Global Education,
Trends: Equal opportunities for Collaboration and
all, contextualized curriculum, Convergence, Standard and
humanistics education Competencies.
2. Historical Foundation

The historical foundations will show us the

chronological development along a time line. Reading
materials would tell us that curriculum development
started when Franklin Bobbit (876-1956) wrote the book
“The Curriculum”.
 Persons Who Have Great
Contributions To The Curriculum
Development.
● Franklin Bobbit (1876-1956)
○ He started the curriculum development movement.
○ Curriculum is a science that emphasizes students’ needs.
○ Curriculum prepares learners for adult life.
○ Objectives and activities should group together when
tasks are clarified.

● Werret Charters (1875-1952)

○ Like Bobbit, he posited that curriculum is science and
emphasizes students’ needs.
○ Objectives and activities should match. Subject matter or
content relates to objectives.
 Persons Who Have Great
Contributions To The Curriculum
Development.
● William Kilpartick (1875-1952)
○ Curricula are purposeful activities which are child-
centered.
○ The purpose of the curriculum is child development and
growth.
○ He introduced this project method where teacher and
student plan the activities.
○ Curriculum develops social relationships and small group
discussion.

● Harold Rugg (1886-1960)

○ Curriculum should develop the whole child.
○ It is child-centered.
○ With the statement of objectives and related learning
 Persons Who Have Great
Contributions To The Curriculum
Development.
● Ralph Tyler (1902-1994)
○ Curriculum is a science and an extension of school’s
philosophy. It is based on students’ needs and interest.
○ The process emphasizes problem solving. Curriculum aims
to educate generalists and not specialists.

● Hilda Taba (1902-1967)

○ She contributed to the theoretical and pedagogical
foundations of concepts development and critical thinking
in social studies curriculum.
 Persons Who Have Great
Contributions To The Curriculum
Development.
● Peter Oliva (1992-2012)
○ He described how curriculum change is a cooperative
endeavor.
○ Teachers and curriculum specialist constitute the
professional core of planners.
○ Significant improvement is achieved through group
activity.

● Hollis Caswell (1901-1989)

○ Curriculum is organized around social functions of themes,
organized knowledge and learner’s interest.
○ Curriculum instruction and learning are interrelated.
○ Curriculum is a set of experiences. Subject matter is
developed around social functions and learners’ interests.
3. Psychological Foundation

Psychology provides a basis to

understand the teaching and learning
process. It unifies elements of the
learning process.
 3. Psychological Foundation
Ivan Pavlov (1894-1936)
• He is the father of the Classical Conditioning Theory, the S-R theory. S-R
Theory is a foundation of learning practice called indoctrination.
• The key to learning is early years of life is to train them what you want them to
become.

Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)

• He championed the Connectionism Theory.
• He proposed the three laws of learning: Law of readiness, Law of exercise, and
Law of effect.
• Specific stimulus has specific response.
 3. Psychological Foundation

Robert Gagne (1916-2002)

• He proposed the Hierarchical Learning Theory. Learning follows a hierarchy.
Behavior is based on prerequisite conditions. He introduced tasking in the
formulation of objectives.
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
• Theories *Cognitive development has stages from birth to maturity:
sensorimotor stage (0-2), preoperational stage ( 2-7), concrete operational
stage (7 11), and formal operations (11-onwards).
 3. Psychological Foundation
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
• Cultural transmission and development: Children could, as a result of their
interaction with society, actually perform certain cognitive actions prior to
arriving at developmental stage.
• Learning precedes development
• Sociocultural development theory
Howard Gardner
• Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
• *Humans have several different ways of processing information and these
ways are relatively independent of one another.
• * There are eight intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial,
bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.
 4. Social Foundation

• John Dewey (1859-1952)

Considered two fundamental elements-schools and civil
society-to be major topics needing attention and reconstruction to
encourage experimental intelligence and popularity.

• Alvin Toffler
Believed that knowledge should prepare students for the future.
Foresaw schools and students worked creatively, collaboratively, and
independent of their age.
Table of contents

01 Analyze the information

02 Understand
03 Remember
04 Apply
05 Evaluate
For this activity, the steps based on Bloom's Taxonomy (Quintana
and Alayón, 2022) will be used

Objective
● Understand the steps of Bloom's taxonomy and apply them to
learning
● Teaching other classmates what you have learned
2. Understanding Once the information has
been analyzed, each
the information member will choose the
part he/she will explain
and each one separately
will have to expand on
the necessary information
to make sure he/she has
understood the topic
correctly
3. Remember

Each student must learn his/her chosen part to explain it

to the rest of his/her classmates
4. Application Once the information has been
understood, the team will
prepare a presentation in
which they will explain to
the rest of the classmates
the chosen topic, each one
with the part they have worked
on

They will practice the

presentation as many times as
necessary
5. Evaluation

Another team outside the one that has presented will

be in charge of evaluating their classmates'
presentations by assessing their knowledge of the subject
and level of understanding

In addition, each student and each team should evaluate

their level of learning after this activity
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