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Material Properties at Cryogenic Temp.

The document discusses material properties at cryogenic temperatures, highlighting changes in ductility, hardness, thermal conductivity, specific heat, and electrical conductivity. It notes that stainless steel is preferred for cryogenic applications and explains how thermal and electrical properties vary with temperature. Additionally, it covers superconductivity and its dependence on temperature, electric current density, and magnetic field.

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shadowmonarch1004
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20 views21 pages

Material Properties at Cryogenic Temp.

The document discusses material properties at cryogenic temperatures, highlighting changes in ductility, hardness, thermal conductivity, specific heat, and electrical conductivity. It notes that stainless steel is preferred for cryogenic applications and explains how thermal and electrical properties vary with temperature. Additionally, it covers superconductivity and its dependence on temperature, electric current density, and magnetic field.

Uploaded by

shadowmonarch1004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cryogenics

Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures


Ductility Hardness Elastic Moduli

Hardness is
directly
proportional to
the ultimate stress
of a material. So, it
also increases
with decrease in
temperature

Decreases with decrease Increases with decrease


in Temperature in Temperature

Stainless steel is mostly preferred in cryogenic applications


Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures_Thermal Properties
Thermal Conductivity

Decreases with decrease in Temperature


Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures_Thermal Properties
Thermal Conductivity
Pure Metals
• The electron and phonon cause heat conduction
• The contribution of electron motion to heat conduction is predominant above
LN2 temperature.
• Conduction depends on the product of electronic specific heat and mean free
path. This product is constant above LN2, hence kT remains constant above LN2
temperature.
• At temperature below LN2, phonon motion is predominant.
• As the temperature is lowered, the contribution of phonon increases and kT
varies as 1/T2. It reaches a high value until the mean free path of the electrons
equals to the dimension of test specimen (At this condition, the surface
exhibits a resistance causing kT to decrease with further drop in temperature).
Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures_Thermal Properties

Specific heat
Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures_Thermal Properties
Specific heat
• Debye considered solid as an infinite continuum medium
Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures_Thermal Properties
Specific heat

3
Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures_Thermal Properties
Specific heat
Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures_Thermal Properties
Specific heat
Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures_Thermal Properties
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures_Thermal Properties
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures_Thermal Properties
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

• As the molecule attains energy, it expands


(mean position related to neighbors becomes
larger).
• This coefficient of thermal expansion
increases with increase in temperature
Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures_Electrical and Magnetic Properties

Electrical conductivity

Electrical resistivity
Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures_Electrical and Magnetic Properties
Electrical conductivity/resistivity
Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures_Electrical and Magnetic Properties
Electrical conductivity/resistivity

• The electrical conductivity of semiconductor decreases with decrease in temperature.


In temperature range from 1 to 10 K, the electrical conductivity decreases very rapidly
with small decrease in temperature. This phenomenon is used to develop sensitive
semiconductor resistance thermometer at very low temperatures.
Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures_Electrical and Magnetic Properties

Superconductivity
Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures_Electrical and Magnetic Properties

Superconductivity
Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures_Electrical and Magnetic Properties
Superconductivity

• The state of Superconductivity is governed by Temperature (K), Electric


current density (A/mm2), and Magnetic field (Tesla)
Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures_Electrical and Magnetic Properties
Superconductivity
High Tc and low Tc materials
Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures_Electrical and Magnetic Properties
Superconductivity
High Tc and low Tc materials
Thank You!

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