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Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules, ions, or between ions and molecules, and include various types such as dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole forces, and Van der Waals' forces. These forces influence physical properties like boiling and melting points, with stronger forces typically resulting in higher boiling and melting points. Hydrogen bonding is particularly significant in biological systems, such as DNA, where specific interactions occur between nucleotide pairs.

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4 views21 pages

Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules, ions, or between ions and molecules, and include various types such as dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole forces, and Van der Waals' forces. These forces influence physical properties like boiling and melting points, with stronger forces typically resulting in higher boiling and melting points. Hydrogen bonding is particularly significant in biological systems, such as DNA, where specific interactions occur between nucleotide pairs.

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Physical

Science
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
Sheena Rose Burgos
Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces are the attractive forces
between molecules between ions, or between ions
and molecules.

Question: What is the difference between


Intermolecular and Intramolecular Forces
Intermolecular Forces
Measure of Intermolecular Force
• boiling point
• melting point
• ∆Hvap
• ∆Hfus
• ∆Hsub
Intermolecular Forces
Definition of Terms
Ions - Charged Atom
Cations - Positively charged atoms
Anions - Negatively charged atoms
Dipole - A pair of equal and opposite electric
charges separated by a small distance
Polar Molecules - Have permanent dipoles
Non-polar Molecules - Has no separation of
charge, so no positive or negative dipoles are formed
Dipole-Dipole Forces
Polar molecules have permanent dipoles that
interact with the permanent dipoles of neighboring
molecules. The positive end of the permanent dipole
is attracted to the negative end of another
permanent dipols.

Polar molecules have higher boiling or melting points


than non-polar molecules of similar molar mass
Dipole-Dipole Forces
Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen Bonding is a special case of dipole-pole
forces, and only exists between hydrogen atoms
bonded to F, N, or O and F, N, and O atoms bonded
to hydrogen atoms.
Hydrogen Bonding
H-bonding is especially strong in biological systems -
such as DNA
DNA - helical chains of phosphate groups and sugar
molecules. Chains are helical because of tetrahedral
geometry of P, C and O
Chains bind to one another by specific hydrogen
bonding between pairs of Lewis bases.
• adenine with thymine
• guanine with cytosine
Hydrogen Bonding
Ion-Dipole Forces
Attractive forces between an ion and a polar
molecule.
• A negative ion attracts the positive dipole of
another molecule.
• A positive ion attracts the negative dipole of
another molecule.
Ion-Ion Forces
The strongest force is ion-ion force which is
considered later In the section on ionic solids.
These forces (ion-ion) increase as the size of the ion
decreases and as the magnitude of the charge
increases.

Remember that anions are larger than the atoms


they are derived from and cations are smaller than
the atoms they are derived from.
Ion-Ion Forces
NA+ - CL- in salt. These are the strongest forces.
Lead to solids with high melting temperatures.
NaCl, mp = 800 degrees celsius
Permanent dipole-dipole
interactions
A permanent dipole or dipole force: a weak
attractive force between permanent dipoles in
neighboring polar molecules.
Polar molecules have a permanent dipole.
The permanent dipole of one molecule attracts the
permanent dipole of another.
Permanent dipole-dipole
interactions
Van der Waals’ forces
Van der Waals’ forces (or induced dipole-dipole
interactions) act between all molecules, whether
they are polar or non-polar.
• They are the weakest intermolecular force.
• They act between very small, temporary dipoles
in neighbouring molecules.
Van der Waals’ forces
• Electrons are always moving in an atom.

• Would it be possible for a non-polar molecule or


atom to produce a dipole?

• Why or why not?


Van der Waals’ forces

• Symmetrical Molecule like H2


• Represented by evenly shaded oval
• Electrons are mobile – the movement unbalances
the distribution of electrons in molecules.
Van der Waals’ forces

Temporary dipoles
Van der Waals’ forces -
Boiling Points
Van der Waals’ forces are the only attractions
between non-polar molecules
Physical
Thanks
Science
for
listening!

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