CLOUD AS A DISTRIBUTED ENVIRONMENT

The Vision of Cloud Computing

Defining a Cloud
A Cloud Computing Reference Model
Cloud Deployment Models: Public, Private,
Community, Hybrid Clouds
Cloud Delivery Models: IaaS, PaaS, SaaS
Characteristics and Benefits
Challenges Ahead
Historical Developments
Introductio
n
In 1969, Leonard Kleinrock, one of the chief scientists of the original Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), which seeded the Internet, said:

“As 0f now, computer networks are still in their infancy, but as they grow up and
become sophisticated, we will probably see the spread of ‘computer utilities’ which,
like present electric and telephone utilities, will service individual homes and offices
across the
country.”

• How computing transformed into a model consisting of

services?
Introductio
n
Cloud computing is a technological advancement that focuses on the way we
design computing systems, develop applications, and leverage existing services for building
software.

It is based on the concept of dynamic provisioning

Resources are made available through the Internet and offered on a pay-per-use basis
from cloud computing vendors.

Utility computing or Cloud computing

Introductio
n
Cloud computing allows renting infrastructure, runtime environments, and services on a
pay-
per-use basis.

This principle finds several practical applications and then gives different images of cloud
computing to different people.

Cloud computing turns IT services into utilities - Such a delivery model is made possible by
the effective composition of several technologies such as Web 2.0, Service orientation and
Virtualization.
Vision of Cloud
computing
Defining a
Cloud
Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—including servers,
storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the
Internet
(or)
Cloud computing refers to both the applications delivered as services over the
Internet and the hardware and system software in the datacenters that provide
those services .

According to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network
access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service provider interaction.
⮚The three major models for deploying and accessing cloud computing
environments are public clouds, private/enterprise clouds, and hybrid
clouds
 Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud
Public clouds are the most common Large organizations that own Whenever private cloud resources
deployment models in which massive computing infrastructures are unable to meet users’ quality-of-
necessary IT infrastructure is by replicating the cloud IT service service requirements, hybrid
established by a third-party service delivery model in-house. computing systems are created to
provider that makes it available to serve the organization’s needs.
any consumer on a subscription
basis.

Such clouds are appealing to users The use of cloud-based in-house It is partially composed of public
because they allow users to quickly solutions is also driven by the need cloud resources and privately
leverage compute, storage, and to keep confidential information owned infrastructures.
application services. within an organization’s premises. Usage: stakeholders to start
exploring the possibilities offered
by cloud computing.

In this environment, users’ data and Institutions such as governments Community clouds are a recent
applications are deployed on cloud and banks that have high security, variation on the private cloud model
datacenters on the vendor’s privacy, and regulatory concerns that provide a complete cloud
premises. prefer to build and use their own solution for specific business
private or enterprise clouds. communities.
Need for Cloud
Computing
Some practical scenarios to understand the need for Cloud Computing,

1. Large enterprises can offload some of their activities to cloud-based systems

2. Small enterprises and start-ups can afford to translate their ideas into business results
more quickly, without excessive up-front costs
3. System developers can concentrate on the business logic rather than dealing with the
Complexity of infrastructure management and scalability
4. End users can have their documents accessible from everywhere and any device.
Characteristics and
Benefits
• Cloud computing has some interesting characteristics that bring benefits to both cloud
service consumers (CSCs) and cloud service providers (CSPs).
• These characteristics are:
• No up-front commitments
• On-demand access
• Nice pricing
• Simplified application acceleration and scalability
• Efficient resource allocation
• Energy efficiency
• Seamless creation and use of third-party services
• broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service.
Business
Benefits
• Increased economic return
• Business continuity
• Increases agility in defining and structuring software
systems
• Ease of scalability
• Data / Resource availability (to employees)
• Collaboration efficiency
• Lot of new services to the customers
• Access to automatic updates
Challenge
s
1. Security
• Security, trust, and privacy issues are major obstacles for massive adoption of cloud
computing
• The massive use of virtualization technologies exposes the existing system to new threats

2. Cloud Interoperability and Standards

• To fully realize cloud computing goal, introducing standards and allowing interoperability between solutions
offered by different vendors are key objectives
• Vendor lock-in should be removed
• Presence of standards would give room for interoperability
• CCIF (Cloud Computing Interoperability Forum) + OCF (Open Connectivity Foundation’s)
Challenge
s
3.Scalability and fault tolerance

4. Dynamic provisioning of cloud computing resources

5. Management of large computing infrastructures and use of virtualization

techniques

6. Organizational aspects
 Deployment Models: Types
of cloud - Public cloud -
Private cloud - Hybrid cloud
Deployment Models

Characterized by multi-administrative domain, involving different

deployment models ( Private, public and Hybrid)
Designed to address the need for a specific Industry
It is owned, managed, and operated by one or more organizations
in the community, a third party, or a combination of them
1. Public cloud
1. Public Cloud
• Public cloud is a cloud service that shares computing services among different
customers through Internet

• Support for Multitenancy - Multitenancy is when multiple customers of a cloud

provider are accessing the same server. Data from two different companies could
be stored on the same server, or processes from two different applications could
be running on the same server.
• Public clouds include SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS services.

• For example:
1. Amazon EC2 is a public cloud that provides infrastructure as a service

2. Google AppEngine is a public cloud that provides an application development

platform as a service
1. Public Cloud
• For public cloud, one or more datacenters constitute the physical infrastructure on
top of which the services are implemented and delivered

• Public clouds can be composed of geographically dispersed datacenters to share

the load of users and better serve them according to their locations.

• For example, Amazon Web Services has datacenters installed in the United
States, Europe, Singapore, and Australia; they allow their customers to choose
between three different regions

• Advantages and Disadvantages

1. Public cloud - Benefits
2. Private
Cloud
2. Private
Cloud
Need for private cloud (i.e. drawbacks in public cloud)
• loss of control-Provider is in control of infrastructure and customers core logic and
sensitive data- perceived as thread or as an unacceptable risk
• Security aspects
• Regulations based on infrastructure region

Private clouds are virtual distributed systems that rely on a private

infrastructure and provide internal users with dynamic provisioning of
computing resources.

Private clouds have the advantage of keeping the core business

operations in-house by relying on the existing IT infrastructure and
2. Private
Cloud
Key advantages
• Customer information protection
• Infrastructure ensuring Service Level Agreement(SLA)-
• Compliance with standard procedures and operations-

 Private clouds can be implemented on more heterogeneous hardware.

 They generally rely on the existing IT infrastructure already deployed on the
private premises.
 This could be a datacenter, a cluster, an enterprise desktop grid, or a
combination of them
 Drawback: limited scalability, price
2. Private
Cloud

Fig. Private clouds hardware and software stack.

2. Private Cloud- Benefits
3. Hybrid Cloud
 3. Hybrid Cloud
• Drawbacks in public and private clouds
• Hybrid clouds allow enterprises to exploit existing IT infrastructures, maintain
sensitive information within the premises, and naturally grow and shrink by
provisioning external resources and releasing them when they’re no longer needed
• Itis
a heterogeneous distributed system resulting from a private
cloud that integrates additional services or resources from one or more
public clouds.
• They are also called as heterogeneous clouds.
• Dynamic provisioning is a fundamental component in hybrid cloud
• Dynamic provisioning refers to the ability to acquire on demand virtual machines in
order to
increase the capability of the resulting distributed system and then release them
• The resources or services are temporarily leased for the time required and then
released. This practice is also known as cloud bursting
4. Community Cloud
4. Community Cloud
The purpose of community cloud is to allow multiple customers to work on
joint projects and applications that belong to the community, where it is
necessary to have a centralized cloud infrastructure.
Community Cloud is a distributed infrastructure that solves the specific issues
of business sectors by integrating the services provided by different types of
cloud solutions.
• The infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific
community
has shared that
concerns(e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and
compliance may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may
considerations).It
exist on premise or off premise.
• Community cloud’s are mostly implemented over multiple administrative domains
Benefits:
• Openness – Dependencies on cloud vendors are removed
• Community- Collectively providing resources and services-infrastructure turns out to
be more scalable
• Graceful failures (No Single point of failure)
• Convenience and control
• Environmental Sustainability- based on the demand of community the cloud grows
 The cloud computing reference model

Cloud Delivery Models: IaaS, PaaS, SaaS

(Organic View of Cloud Computing)

Cloud Computing Architecture
Cloud computing is a utility-oriented and Internet-centric way of delivering IT services on demand

Cloud Computing Architecture

Cloud Computing Architecture
User applications:
1. It includes cloud applications through which end user get interact.
2. There may be different types of user applications, like scientific, gaming, social etc.
3. Some of the examples are Gmail, Facebook.com, etc.
User-level middleware:
4. It includes cloud programming environment and tools.
5. There may be different types of programming environments and tools depends on the user applications.
6. Some of the examples of user level middleware are web 2.0, libraries, scripting.
Core middleware:
7. It includes cloud hosting platforms.
8. It manage quality of service.
9. Execution management.
10. Accounting, metering etc.
11. Virtual machines are the part of core middleware.
System infrastructure:
12. It includes cloud resources.
13. Storage hardware
14. Servers, databases are part of it.
The cloud computing reference model

The reference model for cloud computing is an abstract model that characterizes and

standardizes a cloud computing environment by partitioning it into abstraction layers

and cross-layer functions.

IaaS, PaaS and SaaS are the three most popular types of cloud service offerings.
The cloud computing reference model
 Infrastructure-as-a-Service
⮚ Deliver infrastructure on demand in the form of virtual hardware, storage, and
networking.
⮚Virtual hardware is utilized to provide compute on demand in the form of virtual machine
instances.
⮚These are created at user request on the provider infrastructure so that users are given
with necessary tools or interfaces to configure the software stack installed in the virtual
machine.
⮚Virtual storage is delivered in the form of raw disk space or object store.
 Infrastructure-as-a-Service
IaaS Characteristics:
Resources are available as a service
Cost varies depending on consumption
Services are highly scalable
Multiple users on a single piece of hardware
Organization retain complete control of the infrastructure
Dynamic and flexible
When to Use IaaS
 Startups and small companies may prefer IaaS to avoid spending time and money on
purchasing and creating hardware and software.
 Larger companies may prefer to retain complete control over their applications and
infrastructure, but they want to purchase only what they actually consume or need.
 Companies experiencing rapid growth like the scalability of IaaS, and they can change out
specific hardware and software easily as their needs evolve.
 Platform-as-a-Service
⮚PaaS, or platform as a service, is on-demand access to a complete, ready-to-use, cloud-
hosted platform for developing, running, maintaining and managing applications.
⮚They deliver scalable and elastic runtime environments on demand and host the
execution of applications.
⮚These services are backed by a core middleware platform that is responsible for creating
the abstract environment where applications are deployed and executed.
⮚It is the responsibility of the service provider to provide scalability and to manage fault
tolerance, while users are requested to focus on the logic of the application developed by
leveraging the provider’s APIs and libraries.
⮚This approach increases the level of abstraction at which cloud computing is leveraged
but also constrains the user in a more controlled environment.
 Platform-as-a-Service

Hardware and software tools available over the internet

The cloud services provider hosts, manages and maintains all the hardware and software
included in the platform - servers (for development, testing and deployment), operating
system (OS) software, storage, networking, databases, middleware, runtimes, frameworks,
development tools - as well as related services for security, operating system and software
upgrades, backups and more.
Examples of PaaS solutions include AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Google App Engine,
Microsoft Windows Azure, and Red Hat OpenShift on IBM Cloud.
 Platform-as-a-Service
PaaS Characteristics:
Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or down as
your business changes
Provides a variety of services to assist with the development, testing, and
deployment of apps
Accessible to numerous users via the same development application
Integrates web services and databases
When to Use PaaS
Utilizing PaaS is beneficial, sometimes even necessary, in several situations. For example,
PaaS can streamline workflows when multiple developers are working on the same
development project. If other vendors must be included, PaaS can provide great speed and
flexibility to the entire process. PaaS is particularly beneficial if you need to create
customized applications.
 Software -as-a-Service
⮚ Software that’s available via a third-party over the internet
⮚Provide applications and services on demand.
⮚Most of the common functionalities of desktop applications—such as office automation,
document management, photo editing, and customer relationship management (CRM)
software—are replicated on the provider’s infrastructure and made more scalable and
accessible through a browser on demand.
⮚These applications are shared across multiple users whose interaction is isolated from
the other users.
⮚The SaaS layer is also the area of social networking Websites, which leverage cloud-
based infrastructures to sustain the load generated by their popularity.
 Software -as-a-Service

⮚Users pay a monthly or annual fee to use a complete application from within a web
browser, desktop client or mobile app.
⮚The application and all of the infrastructure required to deliver it - servers, storage,
networking, middleware, application software, data storage - are hosted and managed by
the SaaS vendor.
⮚The vendor manages all upgrades and patches to the software, usually invisibly to
customers.
⮚The vendor ensures a level of availability, performance and security as part of a Service
Level Agreement (SLA). Customers can add more users and data storage on demand at
additional cost.
 Software -as-a-Service
SaaS Characteristics:
Managed from a central location
Hosted on a remote server
Accessible over the internet
Users not responsible for hardware or software updates
When to Use SaaS:
 Startups or small companies that need to launch e-commerce quickly and don’t have
time for server issues or software
 Short-term projects that require quick, easy, and affordable collaboration
 Applications that aren’t needed too often, such as tax software
 Applications that need both web and mobile access
Some examples:
 Gmail
 Google drive
 Dropbox
 WhatsApp
 Summary
⮚IaaS solutions are sought by users who want to leverage cloud computing from building
dynamically scalable computing systems requiring a specific software stack.
⮚IaaS services are therefore used to develop scalable Websites or for background processing.
⮚PaaS solutions provide scalable programming platforms for developing applications and are
more appropriate when new systems have to be developed.
⮚SaaS solutions target mostly end users who want to benefit from the elastic scalability of the
cloud without doing any software development, installation, configuration, and maintenance.
⮚This solution is appropriate when there are existing SaaS services that fit users needs (such as
email, document management, CRM, etc.) and a minimum level of customization is needed.