Scribd
Upload
57 views27 pages

CBSC Grade 9 PPT Polynomials Explained

The document provides a comprehensive overview of polynomials, including definitions, classifications, operations, and theorems related to polynomials. Key concepts covered include the degree of polynomials, types such as linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials, as well as methods for finding zeros, division, and factorization. Additionally, it discusses the Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem, along with exercises to reinforce understanding.

Uploaded by

20sa010163
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
57 views27 pages

CBSC Grade 9 PPT Polynomials Explained

The document provides a comprehensive overview of polynomials, including definitions, classifications, operations, and theorems related to polynomials. Key concepts covered include the degree of polynomials, types such as linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials, as well as methods for finding zeros, division, and factorization. Additionally, it discusses the Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem, along with exercises to reinforce understanding.

Uploaded by

20sa010163
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

POLYNOMIALS

PK TESTING
• What is constant?
• What is variable?
• What is an algebraic expression?
• What is like term?
• What is unlike term?
• What are monomial, binomial, trinomial?
• Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of
polynomials?
LEARNING POINTS
• To know about the polynomial in one variable, coefficient,
terms, degree and zeros of it.
• Discussion on different types of polynomials.
• To find zeros of polynomials.
• Finding remainder by long division method.
• Finding remainder without long division method (by
Remainder theorem method).
• Factor theorem.
• Factorization of polynomial by splitting the middle term.
• To know about algebraic identities.
POLYNOMIAL IN ONE VARIABLE
Word polynomial signifies an algebraic expression with
many terms.
Polynomial in one variable f(x) is an algebraic
expression in x as
f(x) = anxn+an-1xn-1+----------------------+ a 2x2+a1x+a0
where n- non negative integer or whole number ,
x- variable of polynomial f(x) , and a0,a1,a2,…………..,an-1 , an
constants are called coefficients of x0,x1,x2,…….,xn-1, xn
respectively of polynomial f(x). Each of anxn,an-1xn-
1
,--------------,a2x2,a1x,a0 is called a term of polynomial f(x).
Examples of polynomials :
Variable of Being
polynomials polynomial polynomial/
reason
not

f(x)=3x4+2x2- x yes Exponents of x are whole


1 numbers
f(y)=9y5- y yes Exponents of y are whole
5y+6 numbers
q(x) =x+ x Exponents of x in 2nd term is -
no 1 not a whole number.
f(x)=+2x2-1 x Exponents of x in 1st term is
no not a whole number.
EXERCISE :

Q. Which of the following expressions are


polynomials?
(i) 1- x (ii) b3+ b2 + 4b-1 (iii) +7

(iv) (v) 4 (vi)

Answer : (iv) & (vi) are not polynomials


Degree of polynomials
The highest power of the variable in any term of the
polynomial is called degree of the polynomial.
In f(x) = anxn+an-1xn-1+----------------------+a2x2+a1x+a0
deg.f(x)= n , leading coefficient = an
In q(x) = 5x6+3x4+4 deg.q(x)=6 and
leading coefficient =5
CLASSIFICATION OF
POLYNOMIALS
Zero polynomial– A polynomial having all its coefficient
zero.
f(x) = 0x2+0x+0
Note: Degree of zero polynomial is not defined.

Constant polynomial- A polynomial f(x)=ax0 or


f(x)=a ,where a is called constant polynomial. Constant
polynomial is always a monomial.
Degree of constant polynomial =zero
Ex. f(x) =4 so deg.f(x)=0
Linear polynomial– A polynomial of the form f(x)=ax+b
where a, b are real numbers and a is called linear polynomial.
linear polynomial may be monomial or binomial . Degree of
linear polynomial = 1
Ex. f(x) =4x , f(x) = x+1
Quadratic polynomial - A polynomial of the form f(x)= ax2 +
bx +c where a, b,c are real numbers and a is called
quadratic polynomial. Quadratic polynomial can be
monomial , binomial or trinomial .
Degree of quadratic polynomial = 2
Ex. x2+1 , x2 , – x2 +2 are quadratic polynomials

Cubic polynomial - A polynomial of the form f(x)= ax3 +


bx2 +cx+d where a, b,c ,d are real numbers and a is called
cubic polynomial. cubic polynomial can be monomial ,
binomial , trinomial or multinomial.
Degree of cubic polynomial = 3
Ex. x3+1 , x3 , – x3 +2 , 4x3+3x2+4x+9 are cubic
polynomials.

Biquadratic polynomial- - A polynomial of the form


f(x)= ax4 + bx3 +cx2+dx+e where a, b, c , d, e are real
numbers and a is called biquadratic polynomial.
Degree of biquadratic polynomial = 4
Ex. f(x)= 3x4 -5x3 +3x2+9x-7
NEGATIVE OF A POLYNOMIAL

f(x) = anxn+an-1xn-1+----------------------+ a 2x2+a1x+a0


so g(x) = -anxn-an-1xn-1- ---------------------- - a 2x2-a1x-a0
thus g(x) is called negative of f(x).

NOTE: Degree of product of two non-zero polynomials is


the sum of degree of two polynomials. If f(x) and g(x) are
two non-zero polynomials
deg.[f(x).g(x)] =deg.f(x) +deg.g(x)
ZERO OF A POLYNOMIAL
Any value of x for which f(x) becomes zero is called a zero of
the polynomial f(x)
Example f(x) = 2x - 4 for real number x , at x=2
f(2) = 2 2 - 4 so that f(2)=0

thus x=2 is a zero of f(x).


NOTE:
• Non zero constant polynomial has no zero.
• Every real number is a zero of the zero polynomial.
• Linear polynomial has unique(one and only one) zero.
• Quadratic polynomial can have at most two zeros.
• Every polynomial of degree can have at most n real zeros.
DIVISION OF TWO POLYNOMIALS
If 12 3=4 thus quotient = 4
12 = 3 4 , so 3 and 4 are factors of 12 .
12 is a multiple of 3 or 4.
DIVISION OF TWO POLYNOMIALS

let f(x) ,g(x) 0 be two polynomials such that


deg.f(x) deg.g(x) then there exist two
polynomials
q(x) and r(x) such that

f(x) = g(x). q(x) + r(x) where either r(x)


=0
or deg.r(x) <deg.g(x)
example 2.19 com maths

Exercise question :
Q. Divide the polynomial and find out quotient and remainder.
Q. Using long division show is factor of
Q. Divide . Write quotient and the remainder
Answer
1. , 11
2. Quotient =
3. Quotient = remainder =
Remainder theorem
Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to
one and let a be any real number. If p(x) is divided by the linear
polynomial (x-a) then remainder is p(a)

Proof :- Let p(x) be a polynomial deg.p(x)


When p(x) is divided by (x-a )then q(x) be the quotient and r(x)
is remainder
p(x) = (x-a) q(x) + r(x)
degree of (x-a) is
1 degree of r(x) is less than degree of (x-a)
degree of r(x) = 0
⟹ r(x) is constant say R
for every value of
x r(x) = R
p(x) = (x – a) q(x) + R
x=a
p(x)= (a – a) q(x) + R
Q. find the remainder when is divided by x – 1
Ans- f(x) = g(x) = x – 1
g(x) = 0 ⟹ x+1 = 0 ⟹ x = – 1
by remainder theorem :- f(– 1) =
f(– 1) = 1 – 2 +1 =0
Thus, the remainder be 0.

Q. for what values of k is the polynomial


exactly divided by (x+2)
Soln. let f(x) =
Since f(x) is exactly divided by (x + 2)

The remainder must be zero


by using remainder theorem
Remainder f(– 2) = 0
Remainder f(– 2) = 0
⟹
⟹
⟹ 32 – 24 + 8k – 6 +6 = 0
⟹ 8 + 8k = 0
⟹ 8k = – 8
⟹ k=–1
Hence f(x) is exactly divisible by x + 2 when k = – 1

Exercise questions
1. Without actual division determine the remainder when
the polynomial is divided by x + separately.
Ans-
2. Without actual division prove that f(x) = is exactly
divisible by
Hint : split in its factors
FACTOR THEOREM
Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree n > 1 and let a be any real number. If p(a) = 0
then (x – a ) is a factor of p(x) and conversely if (x – a ) is a factor of p(x) then
p(a) = 0
When p(x) is divided by (x – a ) be the quotient and r(x) be remainder
p(x) = (x – a ) q(x) + r(x)
Proof :-
By remainder theorem r(x) = p(a)
p(x) = (x – a )q(x) +p(a)
1. If p(a) = 0 then p(x) = (x – a ) q(x)
⟹x – a is a factor of p(x)

2. Since ( x – a) is factor of p(x) then on dividing p(x) by (x – a ) there exist

∴ p(x) = (x – a ) q(x)
quotient q(x) and remainder r(x) = 0

⟹ ∴ p(a) = 0
At x = a p(a) = (a – a ) q(x)

Which proves the theorem


SOME EXMPLES
FACTORISATION IN POLYNOMIAL
Q. Using factor theorem factorise
Exercise Questions
1. Find k so that (2x – 1 ) be a factor of 8 ?
2. Find the value a if (x-2) is a factor of x 3-2ax2+ax-1 ?

3. If (x-2) is a factor of x2 + ax - 6 and x2 – 9x +b then find the values of a


and b ?

Answers
4. k= -2
5. a=
6. a= 1 and b = 14
HOTS QUESTIONS :
1. If , then evaluate
2. If has as a factor and leaves a reminder 3 when divided by . Find
the value of m and n.
3. Factorise if it is given that is the factor of it.
4. Factorise
5. Factorise
6. If f(x)= is a polynomial such that when it is divided by the
reminder are 5 and 19 respectively. Determine the reminder when
f(x) is divided by
7. What must be added to so that the result is exactly is exactly
divisible by
8. .What must be subtracted from so that the result
is exactly divisible by .
RELATED ANSWERS:

1. 110
2. M = -3 , n =-1
3. (3z + 10 ) (3z -10) (z-3)
4. (x-1)(x-10)(x-12)
5. (y-1)(y+1)(2y+1)
6. 10
7. 2x+5
8. 4x-4
THANK
YOU

You might also like