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LECTURE 8 Incompatibilities

The document discusses drug incompatibilities, defining them as undesirable interactions that alter the physical, chemical, or therapeutic properties of formulations. It categorizes incompatibilities into physical, chemical, and physiological types, detailing examples and prevention methods for each. The aim is to equip students with the knowledge to identify and manage these incompatibilities in pharmaceutical practice.

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Abriham Kaynate
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5 views18 pages

LECTURE 8 Incompatibilities

The document discusses drug incompatibilities, defining them as undesirable interactions that alter the physical, chemical, or therapeutic properties of formulations. It categorizes incompatibilities into physical, chemical, and physiological types, detailing examples and prevention methods for each. The aim is to equip students with the knowledge to identify and manage these incompatibilities in pharmaceutical practice.

Uploaded by

Abriham Kaynate
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

LECTURE
-8
Incompatibilities

03/06/2025
Objectives
2

 At the end of this chapter students


will able to:
 Define Incompatibilities
 Identify types of Incompatibilities
 Describe Prevention mechanism of
Incompatibilities

03/06/2025
Introduction
3
 An incompatibility: undesirable drug
interaction with one or more
components of a formulation, resulting in
changes in:
 physical, chemical or therapeutic properties
of the dosage form

 pharmaceutical incompatibility : mixing


of two or more antagonistic substances and
an undesirable product is formed which may
affect the
03/06/2025
 safety, efficacy and appearance of
Incompatibility
4

 Excipients and their concentration in a


formulation are
 selected based not only on their functionality,
but also
 on the compatibility between the drug and other

excipients.

 Pharmaceutical incompatibility may occur


during
 formulation, manufacturing, packing compounding
and dispensing or administration of drugs.
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Incompatibilities determining
mechanism
5

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Types Incompatibility
6
 Drug -excipient interactions can be
classified simply as
 physical
 chemical, , and
 physiological/biopharmaceutical

03/06/2025
A) PHYSICAL INCOMPATIBILITY
7

 When two or more than two substances are


combined together, physical changes take
place and an unacceptable product is
formed.
 These changes which occurs as a result of
physical incompatibility are usually visible
and can be easily corrected by applying the
pharmaceutical skill obtain to a product of
uniform dosage, an attractive apperance &
having satisfactory therapeutic activity.
03/06/2025
A) PHYSICAL INCOMPATIBILITY…
8

 Examples of physical incompatibilities


 Immiscibility
 Insolubility

 Precipitation

 Liquefaction

03/06/2025
A) PHYSICAL INCOMPATIBILITY…
9

1. IMMISCIBILITY
 Oils and water are immiscible with each

other.
Example:
 Castor oil-15ml and Water-60ml Make on

emulsion.
 In this prescription castor oil is immiscible

with water.
 To overcome this incompatibility an
emulsifying agent is used to make a good
emulsion. 03/06/2025
A) PHYSICAL INCOMPATIBILITY…
10

2. INSOLUBILITY
 Insolubility means the inability of material to

dissolve in a particular solvent.


Example:
 Phenacetin-3g, Orange syrup-12
 Caffeine-1g ml
Water up to -
 In this prescription Phenacetin is an indiffusible
90ml
substance. Compound powder of tragacanth or
mucilage of tragacanth is used as a
suspending agent to make a suitable
suspension. 03/06/2025
A) PHYSICAL INCOMPATIBILITY…

11
3. PRECIPITATION
 A drug in solution may be precipitated, if

the solvent in which it is insoluble is added


to the solution.
Example:
 The resins are insoluble in water. When the

tincture containing resins is added in water,


resin agglomerates forming indiffusible
precipitates.
 This can be prevented by slowly adding the
undiluted tincture with vigorous stirring to the
03/06/2025
diluted suspension Or
A) PHYSICAL INCOMPATIBILITY…
12

4. LIQUEFACTION
 When certain low melting point solids are mixed together,

a liquid or soft mass known as “eutectic mixture” is


produced.
 This occurs due to the lowering of the melting point of mixture
to below room temperature and liberation of water of
hydration.
 Many chemicals form hydrates, compounds with water of
crystallisation.
 The medicaments showing this type of behavior are
camphor, menthol, thymol, phenol, chloral hydrate and
aspirin
 This type of substance create problem when they are
dispensed in powder form.
03/06/2025
A) PHYSICAL INCOMPATIBILITY…
13

Example:
 Menthol-5g Ammonium chloride-30g
 Camphor-5g Light magnesium
carbonate-60g
 In this prescription menthol, camphor and
ammonia chloride get liquefied on mixing with
each other.
 To dispense this prescription, menthol camphor

and ammonium chloride are triturated together


to form liquid.
o Add light magnesium carbonate and mix it
thoroughly to make free flowing powder.
03/06/2025
Prevention physical
incompatibilities
14

 An attractive incompatibilities’ may be


corrected by using any one or more of the
following method.
 Change the order or mixing of the
prescription
 Adding Emulsification

Adding of suspending agent

Change in the form of ingredients, by adding

substitution or omission of therapeutically


inactive substance

03/06/2025
B. CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBILITY
15

 Chemical incompatibility may be as a


result of chemical interactions between the
ingredients of a prescription and a toxic or
inactive product may be formed.
 The most common reactions observed in
pharmaceuticals are:

 hydrolysis, oxidation, photo-


degradation, dehydration and
isomerization.
03/06/2025
B. CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBILITY…
16

 Prevention of Chemical Incompatibility:


1) Tolerated: In tolerated incompatibilities.
 The chemical interaction can be minimized by changing
the order of mixing or mixing the solutions in dilute
forms but no alteration is made in the formulation.

2) Adjusted: In adjusted incompatibilities the


chemical interaction can be prevented by
 addition or substitution of one of the reacting
ingredients of a prescription with another of equal
therapeutic value.
o Example: Caffeine citrate can be substituted with caffeine in
sodium salicylate and caffeine citrate mixture.
03/06/2025
C. Physiological/
17
biopharmaceutical interactions
 For examples, the interaction between
tetracycline antibiotics and calcium and
magnesium ions.

 Polyols (e.g., sorbitol and xylitol) increase


GIT motility, and as result reduce site
specific absorption of drugs such as
metoprolol

03/06/2025
18

u… k
Yo an
Th

03/06/2025

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