Chapter Three

Expressions

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 Expression

C++ expression consists of operators, constants,

and variables which are arranged according to the

rules of the language.
Expressions are the fundamental means of specifying

computations in a Programming Language.

An expression is said to return a value, while variables

are the means for specifying storage

To understand expression evaluation, need to be

familiar with the orders of operator and operand

evaluation
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 Operators

 The operations (specific task) are represented by

operators and the objects of the operation(s) are

referred to as operands
 An operator is a symbol that causes the compiler to

take an action. Operators act on operands, and in C+

+ all operands are expressions.
 Operand is part of computer instruction which
specifies what data is to be manipulated or operated
on, while at the same time representing the data
itself.
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 cont…
Operators act on operands, and in C++ all

operands are expressions.

In the expression m+4, m and 4 are
operands and + is operator.

y= ax+b

Note: All expression have at least one

operand

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 C++ provides different types of operators

 Arithmetic Operator
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Increment/Decrement Operators
 Assignment Operator
 Bitwise Operators
 Conditional Operator
We will look at each category of operators in
turn

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 1) Arithmetic operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform
calculations.
C++ provides operators for five (5) basic
Operator symbol and Example
arithmetic
name
operations
Addition (+) 12 + 4.9 // gives 16.9
Subtraction (-) 3.98 - 4 // gives -0.02
Multiplication (*) 2 * 3.4 // gives 6.8
Division (/) 9 / 2.0 // gives 4.5
Remainder (%) 13 % 3 //gives 1
// gives 1

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 Arithmetic Operation cont…
Addition and subtraction work as you would expect

Divisions performed with integral operands will

produce integral results; for example, 7/2

computes to 3.
If at least one of the operands is a floating-point

number, the result will also be a floating-point

number; e.g., the division 7.0/2 produces an exact
result of 3.5.

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 Arithmetic Operation cont…
Remainder division is only applicable to integral

operands and returns the remainder of an integral

division. For example, 5%3 computes to 2.
Normal mathematical rules (multiplication
before addition) apply when evaluating an
expression, i.e. the *, /, % operators have higher
precedence than + and -.

Example : 2 + 7 * 3=23

(2 + 7) * 3=27

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 Quiz (5%)
Write C++ code that accept two numbers
from keyboard and perform all arithmetic
operations.
Output:
Addition of numbers’: AA
Subtraction :SS
Multiplication: MM
Division: DD
 Remainder: RR

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 2. Relational operators
The operators which determine the
relations among different operands.
The relational operators are used to
determine whether two numbers are equal,
or if one is greater or less than the other.
Every relational statement evaluates to
either 1 (TRUE) or 0 (FALSE).

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 Relational operators
cont…
 C++ provides six different relational operators
which works with numbers and characters but
not with strings.
These relational operators are:--
Example:
Evaluates
1. < 100 < 50;
false
2. <= 100 <= 50; false
3. == 100 == 50; false
4. > 100 > 50; true
5. >= 100 >= 50; true
6. != 100 != 50; true
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 Cont…
Note that the <= and >= operators are
only supported in the form shown.
In particular, =< and => are both invalid
and do not mean anything.
DON'T confuse the assignment operator
(=) with the equals relational operator
(==).

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 3. Logical operator
Logical operators refer to the ways these
relationships (among values ) can be
connected.
C++ provides three logical operators .
They are:-
1.|| (logicalOR)
2.&& (logical AND)
3.! (logical NOT)

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 Logical AND
A logical AND statement evaluates two
expressions, and if both expressions are
true, the logical AND statement is true as
well.
If it is true that you are hungry, AND it is
true that you have money, THEN it is true
that you can buy lunch. Thus, if ( (x == 5)
&& (y == 5) )
would evaluate TRUE if both x and y are
equal to 5, and it would evaluate FALSE if
either one is not equal to 5.
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 Logical OR
A logical OR statement evaluates two
expressions.
If either one is true, the expression is true.
Example: if ( (x == 5) || (y == 5) )
evaluates TRUE if either x or y is equal to 5,
or if both are.
Note: logical OR is two || symbols. A single
| symbol is a different operator logical AND
is && symbols and & does not mean logical
AND.

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 Logical Not
A logical NOT statement evaluates true if
the expression being tested is false.
Again, if the expression being tested is
false, the value of the test is TRUE! Thus,
if ( !(x == 5) ) is true only if x is not equal
to 5.
This is exactly the same as writing if (x !=
5)

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 4. Increment /decrement
operators(++, --)
The auto increment (++) and auto
decrement (--) operators provide a
convenient way of, respectively, adding
and subtracting 1 from a numeric variable.
In C++, increasing a value by 1 is called

incrementing, and decreasing by 1 is called

decrementing.

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 Cont…
 The increment operator (++) increases the value of the

variable by 1, and the decrement operator (--)

decreases it by 1. Thus, if you have a variable, C, and
you want to increment it, you would use this statement:

A++; //start with A and increment by 1

 This statement is equivalent to the more verbose

statement

A = A+ 1;
 which is also equivalent to the moderately verbose

statement (A += 1)==(A++);

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 Cont…
 Both the increment operator (++) and the decrement

operator(--) come in two varieties: prefix and

postfix. The prefix variety is written before the
variable name (++myAge); the postfix variety is
written after (myAge++).
 Example: Let x=5;

a=++x; //evaluated before the assignment i.e.

Increment the value and then fetch it. X=6 & a=6
 a=x++;//is evaluated after i.e. Fetch the value and

then increment the original. a=5 & x=6

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 Assignment operators
The assignment operator (=) causes the
operand on the left side of the assignment
operator to have its value changed to the value
on the right side of the assignment operator.
The expression
x = 2 + 3; assigns the value that
is the result of adding a and b to the operand x.
An operand that legally can be on the left side
of an assignment operator is called an lvalue.
That which can be on the right side is called
(you guessed it) an rvalue.

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 Cont…
Constants are r-values.
They cannot be lvalues. Thus, you can write
x = 35; // ok
but you can't legally write
35 = x; // error, not an lvalue!

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 Conditional operator ( ? )
The conditional operator evaluates
an expression and returns a different
value according to the evaluated
expression, depending on whether it
is true or false.
Syntax: condition ? result1 : result2
if condition is true the expression
will return result1, if not it will return
result2.

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 Example:
7==5 ? 4 : 3
returns 3 since 7 is not equal to
5.
7==5+2 ? 4 : 3
returns 4 since 7 is equal to 5+2.
5>3 ? a : b
returns a, since 5 is greater than
3.
a>b ? a : b
returns the greater one, a or b.

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 Bitwise Operators ( &, |, ^, ~,
<<, >> ).
Bitwise operators modify variables
considering the bits that represent the
values that they store, that means, their
binary representation.
The bitwise operators are often used in

cipher routines.
If you want to make a disk file appear

unreadable, perform some bitwise

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 Bitwise op…..
Operator Action

& AND

| OR

^ XOR

~ One’s complement

<< Shift left

>> Shift right

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 Operator AND

The AND operator (&) is a single

ampersand, as opposed to the logical
AND, which is two ampersands.
When you AND two bits, the result is 1 if
both bits are 1, but 0 if either or both bits
are 0.
The way to think of this is: The result is 1 if
bit 1 is set and if bit 2 is set.
E.g.
0 000010 1
0 000011 0
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 Operator OR

The second bitwise operator is OR (|).

Again, this is a single vertical bar, as
opposed to the logical OR, which is two
vertical bars.
In OR two bits, the result is 1 if either bit is
set 1 or if both are.
E.g.
0 000010 1
0 010011 0

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 Operator Exclusive OR
The third bitwise operator is exclusive OR
(^).
When you exclusive OR two bits, the result
is 1 if the two bits are different.
E.g.
0 000010 1
0 010011 0

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 The Complement Operator
The one's complement operator, ~, reverses the
state of each bit in its operand. That is, all 1's are
set to 0, and all 0's are set to 1.
Example:
Original: 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
One’s complement: 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
Two’s complement: 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
Notice that a sequence of two complements in a
row always produces the original number. Thus,
the first complement represents the coded
version of that byte. The second complement
decodes the byte to its original value.

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 Explicit type casting operators.
 Type casting operators allows you to
convert a datum of a given type to another
data type.
E.g. int i;
float f = 3.14;
i = (int)f; -> equivalent to i = int(f);
Then variable i will have a value of 3
ignoring the decimal point

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 Operator Precedence.
 The order in which operators are evaluated
in an expression is known as operator
precedence.
Operators in higher levels take precedence
over operators in lower levels.

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 Level Operator Order

Highest ++ -- (post fix) Right to left

++ -- (prefix) Right to left

*/% Left to right
+- Left to right
< <= > >= Left to right

== != Left to right

&& Left to right

|| Left to right

?: Left to right

= ,+=, -=, *=, /=,^= ,%=, &= ,| Right to left

= ,<<= ,>>=

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 Cont…
E.g. a==b+c*d
Firstly c * d is evaluated because * has a
higher precedence than + and = =.
Then result is added to b because + has a
higher precedence than = =
Finally == is evaluated.

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 Cont…
Precedence rules can be overridden by using
brackets.
E.g. rewriting the above expression as:
a = = (b + c) * d causes + to be evaluated before
*.
Operators with the same precedence level are
evaluated in the order specified by the
column on the table of precedence rule.
E.g. a = b += c the evaluation order is right
to left, so the first b += c is evaluated
followed by a = b.

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 End Of Chapter Three

Thank you!!!!
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