University Physics with

Modern Physics 14th

Edition
Hugh D. Young
Roger A. Freedman
Pearson
http://www.caglayan.com

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Chapter 4

Newton’s Laws of
Motion
Lecture Notes
Dr. Ayşegül F. YELKENCİ
İKÜ Department of Physics
PowerPoint® Lectures for
University Physics, Twelfth Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman

Lectures by James Pazun

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 Goals for Chapter 4
• To visualize force as a vector

• To find the net force acting on a body and apply

Newton’s First Law
• To study mass, acceleration, and their application
to Newton’s Second Law
• To calculate weight and compare/contrast it with
mass
• To see action–reaction pairs and study Newton’s
Third Law
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Introduction - principles of dynamics
• We’ve studied motion in one, two,
and three dimensions… but what
causes motion?
• This causality was first studied in the
late 1600s by Sir Isaac Newton.
• The laws are easy to state but
intricate in their application.
• You have only to go to a playground
and watch children playing on slides,
swings, and with each other to see all
of Newton’s laws in action. It does
seem a more relaxed approach than
reading The Principia.
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 What are the properties of force(s)?

• Combinations of “push” and “pull”

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 There are four common types of forces

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 What are typical sizes for common forces?

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 How to denote a force?

• Use a vector arrow to

indicate magnitude
and direction of the
force. the longer the
vector, the greater the
force magnitude.
• A common instrument
for measuring force
magnitudes is the
spring balance.

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 Superposition of Forces - Use the net (overall) force
• Several forces acting on a point have the same
effect as their vector sum acting on the same point.

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 Decomposing a force into components

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 Notation and method for the vector sum

ΣFx is the sum of the x-components and

ΣFy is the sum of the y components.
The magnitude of the net force is:

the angle θ between R and the + x-axis can

be found from the relation:

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 Three professional wrestlers are
fighting over the same champion’s
belt. All viewed from above, they
apply the three horizontal forces to
the belt that are shown in Fig. 4.8a.
The magnitudes of the three forces
are F1 = 250 N, F2 = 50 N, and F3
= 120 N. Find the x- and y-
components of the net force on the
belt, and find the magnitude and
direction of the net force.

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 θ1 = 180° - 53° = 127°, θ2 = 0° and θ3 = 270°.

The two possible solutions are θ = - 39°

and θ = - 39° + 180° = 141°.
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 Newton’s First Law
• Simply stated—“objects at rest
tend to stay at rest, objects in
motion stay in motion.”

Newton’s First Law of Motion:

“A body acted on by no net
force moves with constant
velocity and zero acceleration.”

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Newton’s First Law
•If the body is at rest at the start,
it remains at rest; if it is initially
moving, it continues to move in
the same direction with constant
speed.
•These results show that in
Newton's first law, zero net force
is equivalent to no force at all.

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 Inertial frames of reference The Law of Inertia
• A frame of reference in which Newton's first law is valid is called an inertial
frame of reference. If one frame is inertial, then every other frame moving
relative to it with constant velocity is also inertial.
• When a car turns and a rider continues to move, the rider perceives a force.

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 Newton’s Second Law
A net force acting on a body causes the body to accelerate in the same
direction as the net force. If the magnitude of the net force is constant, so is
the magnitude of the acceleration.

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 An object undergoing uniform circular motion
• We have already seen the centripetal acceleration. But,
if we measure the mass in motion, Newton’s Second
Law allows us to calculate the centripetal force.

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 The relationship of F, m, and a
• Because a depends
linearly on m and F, an
acceleration will be
directly proportional to the
applied force.

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 The relationship of F, m, and a redux
• Because a depends linearly on
m and F, an acceleration will be
inversely proportional to the
object’s mass.
the ratio of the magnitude | ΣF | of the
net force to the magnitude a = | a | of the
acceleration is constant, is called the inertial
mass.

the greater its mass, the more

a body ''resists'' being
accelerated.

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 Newton’s Second Law
Newton's second law of
motion: If a net external force
acts on a body, the body
accelerates. The direction of
acceleration is the same as the
direction of the net force. The
mass of the body times the
acceleration of the body equals
the net force vector.

It’s a vector equation; refers to external forces; valid only in

inertial frames of reference and when m is constant.
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 A worker applies a constant horizontal force with magnitude
20 N to a box with mass 40 kg resting on a level floor with
negligible friction. What is the acceleration of the box?

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 A waitress shoves a ketchup bottle with mass 0.45 kg to the
right along a smooth, level lunch counter. The bottle leaves
her hand moving at 2.8 m/s, then slows down as it slides
because of the constant horizontal friction force exerted on it
by the counter top. It slides a distance of 1.0 m before coming
to rest. What are the magnitude and direction of the friction
force acting on the bottle?

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 Mass and Weight
Mass characterizes the inertial properties of a body.
Weight, on the other hand, is a force exerted on a body by the
pull of the earth.
The force that makes the body
accelerate downward is its weight.

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 g, and hence weight, is only constant on earth, at sea level

• On Earth, g depends on
your altitude.
• On other planets,
gravity will likely have
an entirely new value.

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A 2.49 X 104 N Rolls Royce Phantom traveling in the + x-
direction makes a fast stop; the x-component of the net force
acting on it is -1.83 X 104 N. What is its acceleration?

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 Newton’s Third Law

• Exerting a force on a body results in a force back

upon you.
Newton's third law of motion:
If body A exerts a force on body
B (an "action"), then body B
exerts a force on body A (a
"reaction"). These two forces
have the same magnitude but
are opposite in direction. These
two forces act on different
bodies.

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 Newton’s Third Law—Objects at rest
• An apple on a table or a person in a chair—there
will be the weight (mass pulled downward by
gravity) and the normal force (the table or chair’s
response).

The two forces in an action-reaction pair

always act on different bodies.
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 Newton’s Third Law—Objects in motion
• An apple falling or a refrigerator that needs to be
moved—the first law allows a net force and mass to
lead us to the object’s acceleration.

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 Free-Body Diagrams
1. Newton’s first and second laws apply to a
specific body. you must decide at the
beginning to which body you are referring.

2. Only forces acting on the body matter. Once

you've chosen the body to analyze, you have
to identify all the forces acting on it.

3. Free-body diagrams are essential to help

identify the relevant forces.

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 Free-body diagrams

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 Summary

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 Summary

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 Summary

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