Utilizing Electronic

Media in Facilitating
Training
* Safety Handling of Electronic
Equipment
*The Video Camera Recorder
*Operate a video Camera Recorder
Tips and Tricks in Video Shooting
The LCD/DLP Projector
Safety Handling of Electronic
Equipment
 OBJECTIVE:

After reading this

information sheet, you must be
able to explain the safety
handling procedure of the
different electronic equipment.
General Safety Procedure
To avoid these risks do the following:
 1. Read user‘s manual before using the equipment.
 2. Keep the user‘s manual for future reference
 3. Follow all instructions as stated in the manual.
 4. Install all equipment in accordance to manufacturer‘s manual.
 5. Clean all equipment with dry cloth.
 6. Only use attachments/accessories specified by the manufacturer.
 7. Refer all servicing to qualified service personnel.
 8. Do not let object or liquids enter to the equipment.
 9. See equipment enclosure for safety related markings.
Safety Handling of Electronic
Equipments
 Following proper safety practices are a must
when working with electronic equipment. Not
only is there the danger of electrical shock,
equipment can explode if not connected
properly. Many of today‘s electronic
equipments are easily damaged by
improper handling. These equipments are
expensive and can be easily damaged if
proper operating procedures are not followed.
Handling Video Camera
Recorders
1. Do not expose video camera recorders to rain, water nor moisture.
2. Do not expose video camera recorders to temperature more than
60 degrees centigrade.
3. Do not carry the video camera by its microphone, LCD, viewfinder,
battery pack or by its cable.
4. Do not directly expose lens and viewfinder directly to strong
light or sunlight.
5. Handle it with care. Do not subject the video camera recorder to
shocks or vibrations as this will cause damage.
6. Do not disassemble the camcorder. If it does not function
properly, consult qualified service personnel.
 Handling Battery Packs
1. Keep it away from fire or it might explode
2. Do not expose the battery pack to
temperature higher than 60
degrees centigrade. Do not leave it near
stove or inside the car in
hot weather.
3. Do not try to disassemble or modify it.
4. Do not drop or knock it.
5. Do not get it wet.
Handling LCD Projectors
 1. Place the LCD projector in a sturdy flat surface
 2. Do not block opening (ventilation) of the projector
 3. Do not drop liquid or object to projectors.
 4. Do not install projectors near the source of heat.
 5. Do not unplug projectors after turning it OFF. LCD projectors are
equipped with cooling fans that automatically turn OFF after meeting
the projectors cooling temperature; this will prolong the life of the
expensive powerful lamp of your projector.
 6. Do not look into the projector‘s lens when the lamp is on. The
bright light may hurt or damage your eyes.
 7. Do not use lens cap when projector is in operation.
 8. Refer servicing to qualified service personnel.
 Handling Amplifiers
1. Do not block ventilation opening of the amplifier.
2. Before turning it ON, make it sure that the volume control is set to
itslowest setting or to zero(0).
3. Make it sure that the speakers are properly connected to
theamplifier (correct polarization).
Video Players
 1. Do not expose the player, discs to humidity, rain, sand or
excessive heat (caused by heating equipment or direct
sunlight).
 2. Do not operate the player in an enclosed cabinet, allow
about 10 cm (4 inch) of free space all around the player for
adequate
ventilation.
 3. When cleaning the casing of the video player use a soft
cloth
slightly moistened with a mild detergent solution. Do not use
a solution containing alcohol, thinner, ammonia or abrasives.
Personal Computers
 1. Place your computer in a flat, sturdy and clean surface.
 2. Avoid eating and drinking beside your computer.
 3. Properly shutdown your computer and make it sure
that
you have closed all open applications before shutting down.
 4. Always perform virus scan to your computer at least
once a
week.
 5. Always perform disk cleanup to remove unwanted files.
 6. Have the unit cleaned twice a year to remove internal
dust.
The Video Camera Recorder

A video camera recorder contain 3 major components: lens, imager, and

recorder. The lens gathers and focuses light on the imager. The imager, usually a
charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal– oxide–semiconductor
(CMOS) sensor on modern camcorders, converts incident light into an electrical
signal. Finally, the recorder converts the electric signal into digital video and
encodes it into a storable form. More commonly, the optics and imager are
referred to as the camera section.
 Lens
The lens is the first component in the light
path. The camcorder's optics generally
have one or more of the following
adjustments for manual control:

Zoom
This is the function which moves your point of view closer to, or further
away from, the subject. The effect is similar to moving the camera closer
or further away.
Note that the further you zoom in, the more difficult it is
to keep the picture steady. In some cases you can move
the camera closer to the subject and then zoom out so
you have basically the same framing. For long zooms you
should use a tripod.
Zooming is the function everyone loves. It's easy and you
can do lots with it, which is why it's so over-used. The
most common advice we
give on using the zoom is use it less. It works well in
moderation but too much zooming is tiring for the
audience.
 Focus

Auto-focus is strictly for amateurs. Unlike still photography, there is no

way auto-focus can meet the needs of a serious video camera operator.
Professional cameras usually have a manual focus ring at the front of
the lens housing. Turn the ring clockwise for closer focus, anti-
clockwise for more distant focus. Consumer cameras have different
types of focus mechanisms — usually a small dial.
To obtain the best focus, zoom in as close as you can on the subject
you wish to focus on, adjust the ring until the focus is sharp, then zoom
out to the required framing.
 Iris
This is an adjustable opening (aperture), which controls the amount of light coming through
the lens (i.e. the "exposure"). As you open the iris, more light comes in and the picture
appears brighter.
Professional cameras have an iris ring on the lens housing, whichyou turn clockwise
to close and anticlockwise to open. Consumer-level cameras usually use either a
dial or a set of buttons.
The rule of thumb for iris control is: Set your exposure for the subject. Other parts of
the picture can be too bright or darks, as long as the subject is easy to see.
The rule of thumb for iris control is: Set your exposure for
the subject. Other parts of the picture can be too bright
or darks, as long as the subject is easy to see.
 Imager
 The imager converts light into electric signal. The camera lens projects
an image onto the imager surface, exposing the photosensitive array
to light. The light exposure is converted into electrical charge. At the
end of the timed exposure, the imager converts the accumulated
charge into a continuous analog voltage at the imager's output
terminals. After scan-out is complete, the photo sites are reset to start
the exposure-process for the next videoframe.

Recorder
The third section, the recorder, is responsible for writing the video-signal onto
a recording medium (such as magnetic videotape.) The record function involves
many signal-processing steps, and historically, the recording-process
introduced some distortion and noise into the stored video, such that playback
of the stored-signal may not retain the same characteristics/detail as the live
video feed.
 Types of Video Camera Recorder
Video Camera Format
Camcorders are often classified by their storage device: VHS,
Betamax, Video8 are examples of 20th videotape-based camcorders
which record video in analog form. Newer digital video camcorder
formats include Digital8, MiniDV, DVD, and flash semi conductor
memory.
Single CCD and 3-CCD
Sensor is the heart of digital imaging devices - digital cameras
and camcorders. Generally, our digital image capture devices are equipped
with CCD or CMOS sensor that helps convert light into electrical signals
that represents the image and can be digitally stored. The captured image
quality vary by the CCD size and also the CCD system. Currently the are
two most widely used systems are Single CCD and 3-CCD system. Since
most devices use CCD rather than CMOS, we'll focus on CCD technology
Single CCD system

Sony Handy cam with a

single CCD
3-CCD System

A SONY digital video camera with 3-

CCD
Task Sheet No. 6.1-1
Operate a Video Camera Recorder
This task will teach you how to operate the video camera recorder. The
procedure listed here covers only basic operations of CANON XHG1
digital video camera recorder. To avoid damaging your digital video
camera, it is advisable to first read the instruction manual that comes
with it.
a. Preparing the power supply of a video camera
Procedure in charging the battery pack
1. Connect the power chord to the adapter.
2. Plug the power cord into a power outlet.
3. Attach the battery pack to the adapter.
4. Press lightly and slide the battery pack in the
direction of the arrow until it clicks.
5. The charge indicator starts flashing. The
indicator will stay on
when the charging is completed.
6. When the charging is completed, remove the
battery pack from the
adapter.
7. Unplug the power cord from the power outlet
and disconnect it
from the adapter.
 Attaching the battery pack
1. Turn the POWER dial to OFF.
2. Push the OPEN switch in the direction of the arrow to open the battery compartment
cover.
3. Insert the battery all the way into the compartment and press gently until it clicks.
4. Close the battery compartment cover.
Removing the battery
1. Turn the POWER dial to OFF.
2. Push the OPEN switch in the
direction of the arrow to open the
battery compartment cover.
3. Press the BATT. RELEASE latch left
and pull out the battery.
4. Close the battery compartment
cover.
5. Connect the DC coupler to the adapter.
6. Press the cable through the special slot and
close battery
compartment cover.
7. Detach the DC coupler after use.
b. Loading/Removing Cassette
Note:
1. Do not interfere with the cassette compartment while it is opening or closing
automatically.
2. Be careful not to get your fingers caught in the cassette compartment.
3. Cassette can be loaded/removed even if the POWER dial is set to OFF.
Procedure:

1. Slide the OPEN/EJECT switch to

open the cassette compartment
cover. The cassette compartment
opens automatically.

2. Load/remove the cassette.

Insert cassette straight, fully
into the compartment with the
window facing out. Remove the
cassette by pulling it straight
out.
3. Close the cassette
compartment by pressing on
the PUSH mark on the cover.
The cassette compartment
will retract automatically

4. Close the cassette

compartment cover.
 c. Recording
Most of the video camera has a selector on recording mode, some can
be done by just selecting on display menu, and some can be done
using a button. Rad the instruction or user’s manual that comes with
your video
camera and study how you can start recording a video or you can ask
your
trainer your
Usually how to go video
video camerarecording
has thismode.
start/stop
button. To begin recording, press the start/stop
button.
Make sure that you have power ON your video
camera and you have loaded a video cassette on
its compartmentThe tally lamp lights up and
the recording indicator appear on
LCD screen

Press the start/stop button again to pause

recording
d. Playing your recorded video
All video camera has its own playback mode or VCR mode. Select the
Playback Mode. Locate the Rewind Button of the VCR controls, and press
it to
rewind the recorded video, if you over rewind the recorded video you
can
press the Forward Button to forward to your desired recorded video
section.
To pause playback press pause button of the camcorder during normal
playback.

You can also search the recorded video by pressing down playback
and holding the rewind or fast forward button on the camcorder.
When you have finished recording
• Set the POWER dial to OFF
• Replace the lens cap
• Remove the cassette
Tips and Tricks in Video Shooting
Here are some basic camcorder shooting tips that can help you shoot
fantastic videos.
Basic Video Camera Movement
Zooming

A zoom is technically not a camera move as it does not require the camera itself to
move at all. Zooming means altering the focal length of the lens to give the illusion of
moving closer to or further away from the action.The effect is not quite the same
though. Zooming is effectively magnifying a part of the image, while moving the camera
creates a difference in perspective background objects appear to change in relation to
foreground objects.
Zooming is an easy-to-use but hard- to-get-right feature of most cameras. It is arguably
the most misused of all camera functions. At times,
Zooming can make a certain part of a video carry more importance or have more
impact. For example, you may want to show a detail such as a handshake between two
people.
Zooming in on a handshake draws attention to it and stresses the importance of this
handshake.
Zooming is easy. There is a zoom control on the camera above the record button.
Shifting this button slowly allows for a gradual zoom.
Be careful though, if you zoom too rapidly, your audience will feel jarred
Camera Tilt
A tilt is a vertical camera movement in which the camera points up or down
from a stationary location. For example, if you mount a camera on your
shoulder and nod it up and down, you are tilting the camera.

Camera Pan
A pan is a horizontal camera movement in which the camera
moves left and right about a central axis. This is a swiveling movement,
i.e. mounted in a fixed location on a tripod or shoulder.

Types of Video Camera Shot

Wide Shot (WS)
In the wide shot, the subject takes up the full
frame. In this case, the boy's feet are almost at
the bottom of frame and his head is almost at the top.
Obviously the subject doesn't take up the whole
width and height of
the frame, since this is
as close as we can get
without losing any part of him.
Mid Shot (MS)
The mid shot shows some part of the
subject in more detail, whilst still
showing enough for the audience to
feel as if
they were looking at the whole subject. In fact,
this is an approximation
of how you would see a person "in the flesh" if you
were having a casual conversation.
You wouldn't be paying any attention to their lower
body, so that part of the picture is unnecessary.
The MS is appropriate when the subject is speaking
without too much emotion or intense concentration.
It also works well when the intent is to deliver
information, which is why it is frequently used by television
news presenters. You will often see a story begin with a MS of
the reporter (providing information), followed by closer shots
of
interview subjects (providing reactions and emotion).
Close Up Shot (CU)
In the close-up shot, a certain feature or
part of the subject takes up most of the
frame. A close up of a person usually means a
close up of their face(unless specified otherwise).
Close-ups are obviously useful for showing detail
and can also be used as a cut-in.
A close-up of a emphasizes their emotional state.
Whereas a mid shot or wide-shot is more
appropriate for delivering facts and general
information, a close-up exaggerates facial
expressions which convey
emotion. The viewer is drawn into the subject's
personal space and shares their feelings.
Cut-in Shot (CI)
This shot specifically refers to showing some part of
the subject in detail. Can be used purely as an edit
point, or to emphasize emotion and action of the hands.
etc.
For example, hand movements performing a task,
can also show enthusiasm, agitation, nervousness, etc.
Video Camera Tips and Tricks
Watch the Zoom
In general when you shoot a video you want to limit the amount of time
you zoom in and out. Many new camcorder user swill zoom in and out
constantly with their camcorder. Video shot in this manner usually ends
up making viewers nauseous with the constant movement. Using the
zoom on your camcorder is a good idea, but try to only use the feature
when you need it. A good slow steady zoom into a subject is also
usually much nicer to watch than a quick zoom in to a subject.
Bring a Tripod

Chances are you have seen video recorded by someone who did
not have a tripod. Handheld video usually looks great for the first
few minutes, then as the person recording the video gets
tired the video starts to look worse. You naturally move up and
down slightly when you breathe, if your holding a camcorder
then that motion is exaggerated on video and can make it look
like you were jumping up and down while holding your camcorder.
 Turn On the Lights
Camcorders typically have a difficult time recording
video in darker areas. Camcorders will typically
make video
shot in dim areas look as though it was shot in
complete darkness. If you have the ability to turn on
more lights where you are, do it or use video camera
lighting system. The brighter the area you are
The LCD/DLP
recording Projector
the better.
Projectors can be broadly catogorised into two
technologies, DLP (Digital Light Processing) or LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display). This refers to the internal
mechanisms that the projector uses to compose the
image.
DLP
DLP technology can be found in projectors from manufacturers
such as BenQ ,InFocus and Optoma.
Digital Light Processing™ is the world's only all-digital display
solution. DLP™ technology uses an optical semiconductor, known as
the Digital Micromirror Device, or DMD chip to recreate source
material.
Advantages of DLP

A comparison of an LCD and

DLP projection to illustrate the
'screen door' or 'chicken wire effect
on LCD projections.

•Less 'chicken wire' (or 'screen door') effect because

pixels are much closer together. This doesn't make
so much difference with data, but it produces
smoother images for video.
• Higher contrast achievable.
• DLP has sealed optics which makes them better
for use in a
dusty environment.
• DLP projectors are generally more portable as
fewer
components are required.
Disadvantages of DLP
The 'rainbow' effect, appearing as a momentary flash of rainbowlike
striping typically trailing the bright objects when looking from one
side of the screen to the other, or when looking away from the projected
image to an offscreen object. Only some people see this effect, or you can
create it for yourself by moving your eyes very quickly across the
screen. There are two types of DLP projector - the old ones had four
segments on the color wheel, the new ones have six or even seven
and spin faster, which means less rainbow effect
and more saturated color.
The 'halo' effect (or 'light leakage').
It may bother some people using their projector for
home cinema.
LCD technology is used by many manufacturer’s such as Epson, Hitachi ,Sanyo and
Sony.
LCD (liquid crystal display) projectors contain three separate LCD glass
panels, one for red, green, and blue components of the image signal
being transferred to the projector. As the light passes through the LCD
panels, individual pixels can be opened to allow light to pass or closed
to block the light. This activity modulates the light and produces the
image that is projected onto the screen
Advantages of LCD

• LCD is generally more 'light efficient' than DLP

(ie. the same
wattage lamp in both an LCD and DLP would
produce a
•brighter image
With 3LCD through you
projectors, the get
LCD).
beautiful color in clear, defined images - even in a
bright room, and you get more than double the brightness on color luminance,
compared to non-3LCD
projectors. What’s more, 3LCD projectors can project bright,vivid images with a low
output lamp.
• Hence, with a data signal, if you put a 1000 lumen LCD next to a 1200 lumen DLP and
Features of an LCD Projector

Projector Resolution

Resolution refers to the number of dots of light that

appears on
a screen or a projected image. Even though some
projectors may be able to work with several resolutions,
there is one "native" resolution at which it works best.
To get the best image, match the resolution of your
projector with the resolution of your computer. Most
new projectors have higher resolutions to match most
current laptop computers. The most common resolution
today is XGA (1,024 x 768). Higher
resolutions, such as SXGA (1,280 x 1,024), would mean
you'll have to pay a higher price for the projector.
Projector Resolution Options
Image Quality
There are four factors that affect the quality of image. They
are contrast, color, brightness, and evenness of the illumination across
the picture. The best way to get the highest quality image is to match
the
resolution of your projector with that of your computer. Every year,
computers are sold with higher and higher resolutions with the XGA
1024 x 768 sold at 4:3 aspect ratio as the most popular today.
Contrast Ratio
Contrast is the difference between the brightest (white) and darkest
(black) parts of the screen.

Color
The more colors you projector can support, the better it will
be able to project high quality images and video. Color helps to define
the depth of an image, by adding shades to the objects displayed.
Brightness
The bigger the audience or room, the bigger and brighter the
image must be. The brightness level of a projector depends on the
kind
Illumination Uniformity
Illumination uniformity refers to the
percentage of brightness that is carried across your screen from edge to
edge and top to bottom. A higher uniformity rating means more uniform
image brightness across your screen. If you want uniformity, it must be at a
level of 85% or higher.

Projector Lenses

Zoom lenses are almost standard on today's projectors. The zoom lens
lets you project a larger or smaller image on your screen depending on
the distance between your projector and the screen. The best lenses are
manufactured with glass, but some models are using plastic lenses to cut
down on weight.
Glass will give you a clearer, sharper image. Some projectors are, also,
available with interchangeable lenses. The f-number of the lensis a
measure of how much light gets through the lens to the screen.
Projector Lamps
Projector lamps are one of the hidden costs of a projector. It's like
toner cartridges for printers. Over the life of the printer, you'll probably
pay
more for the toner cartridges than you originally paid for the printer.
The lamp type is related to the image brightness. The most
common types of projector lamps are the following:
UHP - Ultra High Performance
UHE - Ultra High Efficiency
Some projectors also use metal halide lamps.

Other Features of a Projector

Some projectors
come with additional features that can be very convenient and it is
suggested that they are the ones you should consider in your purchase
decision.
• Some LCD projectors are wireless for easy set-up and no cables to mess with.
• Network connections so that projector can be controlled from a remote location
• Component video inputs for higher quality video. This is the preferred input for
projecting video.
• Digital Keystone Correction for adjusting the rectangular shape on the screen
when the projector cannot be positioned perpendicular to the screen.
• Wireless mouse control for freedom to move around while you
are presenting.
• Dual computer inputs for hooking up to more than one
computer
Projector Aspect Ratios

Keystone Effect
The keystone effect is caused by attempting to project an image onto
a surface at an angle, as with a projector not quite centered onto the
screen it is projecting on.
Two types of keystone effects
▪ Vertical keystone effects – This usually occurs when the
projector is above or below the centerline of the screen.

▪ Horizontal keystone effects – This happens when

the projector
is to the left or right of the screen.