Air pollution

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AIR POLLUTION

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INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

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VEHICULAR POLLUTION

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Garbage Burning

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Uruli Devachi

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Construction Dust

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Air Pollution
IS 4167- Air pollution is the
presence in the ambient
atmosphere of the substances
generally resulting from activities
of man, in sufficient
concentration present for a
sufficient time & under
circumstances which interfere
significantly with the comfort,
health or welfare of the person or
with full use or enjoyment of the
Why clean air?
We breath 22,000 times a day
Inhale 16 kg of air [ 1.5 kg
food ,2 kg water, 14 kg air]
Survival – 5 weeks without food
 5 days with out water
 Few minutes without air
Clean air – free from substances
in the objectionable amount
Sources of air Pollution
1. Natural Sources- Volcanic
eruptions (SO2, H2 S, CO),
forest fires, natural organic ,
inorganic decays, cosmic dust,
pollen grains

2. Manmade sources- increase in

polulation, deforestation,
burning of fossil fuel, vehicular
emissions,urbanisation &
We’re pretty well off, don’t you think?

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Growth of Motor Vehicles in India

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Inventory of emissions load from vehicles

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Classification according to state
Physical state

Particulate
Gaseous

Solid Liquid

Suspended
Settleable

•Part. > 10 µm dia. •eg. Dust,

•eg. Water drops, sand smoke
•Settle in the air •Settle in the
air

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Classification of Pollutants
A. According to origin
1. Primary pollutants
2. Secondary pollutants
B. According to Chemical composition
1. Organic
2. Inorganic
C. According to natural state of matter
1. Natural contaminants
2. Particulate matter
3. Gaseous and vapour
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According to origin
 PRIMARY POLLUTANTS:
 Those emitted directly from identifiable

sources
 Will not react each other

 Available in the atm. In discrete manner


fine particles ,Sulphur compounds.(SOX)

Carbon monoxide.

Radioactive compounds.
 SECONDARY POLLUTANTS:
 Interaction among 2 to 3 primary pollutants

Ozone

Photochemical smog.

PAN(Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate),Acid Rain

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Organic Air Inorganic Air
Pollutants Pollutants
Contain C & H
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbon
Carbonates
Aldehydes &
Ozone
ketones Hydrogen fluoride
Organic sulfur
compound

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Natural contaminants
◦ Produced from natural sources
◦ eg. Natural fog, pollen grains,
volcanic erruption
Particulate matter
◦ Solid or liquid
◦ eg. Dust, smoke, mist, fog, fumes
etc.
Gaseous and vapours
◦ CO
◦ Oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen
◦ HC, H2S
◦ Lead 20
 Emission Inventory Source Classification
Total source

Mobile
Stationary

Point source Line sourceArea Source

1. Industrial processing Area Source 1. Highway 1. Motor vehicles
2. Power plants 1. Residential
Heating, coal, gas Vehicels Light duty, medium
3. Fuel combustion 2. Rail road Duty,Heavy duty
(industrial coal, oil gas) 2. On site 2. Rail yard
locomotives
4. Solid waste disposal Incineration locomotives
5. Municipal incinerators3. Open burning 3. Air Crafts
6. Open burning 4. Evaporative
losses

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Vehicular Pollution

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Effect of Air pollution on Human
Health

Acute effect Chronic effect

•Continuous exposure to low

• Short time exposure but
Levels of air pollutants
•More concentration of pollutant

Air – Life supporting properties , Life damaging properties

• Human breathing – 22000 times/day
•16 kg of air per day

•5 weeks without food, 5 days without water, not 5 min. without air

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RESPIRATORY EFFECTS

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http://www.epa.gov/airnow//health-prof/EPA_poster-final_lo-res.pdf
Effect of Air pollution on Human
Health
1. Ear , nose and throat irritation.
2. Irritation of respiratory tract.
3. Odour nuisance due to H2S & ammonia
merceptants, even at low concentration.
4. Chronic pulmonary diseases (Such as
bronachitics, asthma etc.) are aggravated by
high con. Of S02, NO2, particulate matter and
photochemical smog.
5. Pollen etc. initiate asthmatic attacks.
6. Carcinogenic agents cause cancer.
7. Respiratory disease is caused by dust
particles. Silicosis is caused by silica dust
from cement factories and asbestosis is 28
8. Lead poisoning is caused due to entry of lead
through the lungs.
9.Bone fluorosis and mottling of teeth is caused
by hydrogen fluoride.
10. CO may cause death by asphyxiation
(suffocation). It also increases stress in
persons suffering from cardiovascular and
pulmonary diseases.
11. Air pollution causes increase in mortality
rate and morbidity rate.
12. Radoactive fallout may cause cancer,
shortening of life span, genetic effects.

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Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide

Less than 0.1 Olfactory threshold, some cellular

ppm effects.
0.1 – 0.25 ppm Impairment of dark adoption, some
epidemiological effects.
0.5 ppm Some changes in lung morphology
and biochemistry.
1.5 ppm Increased airway resistance in
Bronchial patients.
2.5 ppm Increased airway resistance in normal
individuals.
13 ppm Eye and nasal irritation.

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 Effects of Sulphur Dioxide.

0.3 ppm Taste threshold.

0.5 ppm Odour threshold.
0.3 – 0.5 ppm Increases sensitivity of dark adopted eye.
1 ppm Decreased human mucus flow rate.
2 ppm Change in antibody formation in mice.
8 – 12 ppm Throat irritation.
10 ppm Change in respiratory epithelium; eye
irritation.
20 ppm Immediate coughing.
100 ppm 50 % increase in pulmonary flow resistance
(guinea pig).

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 Effects of Ozone

0.02–0.05 Odour threshold.

0.1 ppm
e.
Dryness of the throat, irritation of the
respiratory tract and respiratory mucosa,
increased air way resistance and
susceptibility to bacteria.
0.3 ppm Respiratory infection and chest
constriction
100 ppm Headache (in 30 minutes)

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 Effects of Carbon Monoxide.

30 ppm 10-h exposure for nonsmokers

leads to impaired reactions.
50 ppm 90-min exposure for nonsmokers
gives poor time interval
discrimination.
250 ppm Headache and nausea.

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EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE
MATTER

Lead

Nickel

Cadmiu
m

Mercury.
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Effect of Air Pollution on Vegetation

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Air Pollution Effects on
Vegetation
Leaves opening – stomata- wide
Plant growth – photosynthesis
Smog, dust (clog the stomata)
 Kinds of injury to the plants

1. Acute injury – short time, high con.

Eg. Fumigation condition.
2. Chronic injury – long term, low level
con.
3. Growth or yield retardation
 Sensitivity of plants to air pollutants

1. Genetic factors
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1. Necrosis Is the killing or collapse of tissue
2. Chlorsis Is loss or reduction of the green plant pigment,
chlorophll. This results in a pale green or
yellow pattern. It indicates a deficiency of
some nutrient required by the plant. It is
analogous to annemia in animals.

3. Abscission Is dropping of leaves

4. Epinasty Is a downward curvature of the leaf due to
higher rate of growth on the upper surface

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 Effects of Fluorides on Plants

 Necrosis of leaves.
 The tissues die.
 Chlorosis - Yellowing of
leaves at the tips which
looks like early frost injury.

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 Effects of Sulphur dioxide SO2 on Plants

 2-sided lesions between the

veins and along the margins
of the leaves.
 Chronic injury - yellowing
or chlorosis of the leaf, and
occasionally as a bronzing
on the under surface of the
leaves.

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 Effects of Ozone (O3) on Plants

 Chlorosis and necrosis.

 Flecks, stipples, bronzing,
and reddening.
 Between the veins on the
upper leaf surface ,but may
also involve both leaf
surfaces for some species.

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 Effects of Ammonia (NH3) on Plants

 Irregular,bleached, bifacial,
necrotic lesions.
 Grasses show reddish,
interveinal necrotic
streaking or dark upper
surface discoloration.

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 Effects of Particulate Matter on Plants

 Inhibit the normal

respiration and
photosynthesis mechanisms
within the leaf.
 Cement dust chlorosis and
death of leaf tissue.
 Affect the normal action of
pesticides and other
agricultural chemicals

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Effect of Air Pollution on Materials

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Effect of Air Pollution on
Materials
Important- economic aspect of AP
Covers – wide range of corrosion of metals,
soiling & eroding building materials, fading
of dyed materials, rubber cracking.
1. Abrasion – higher speed solid particle,
large sharp edged particle.
2. Chemical action –direct react – cause
deterioration. SO2 bleaches marbles,
3. Absorption – SO2 absorbed by leather will
convert into acid, deteriorates leather.
4. Corrosion - ferrous metal.
5. Deposition and removal
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AIR POLLUTION DESASTERS

Meuse valley Donoro Poza Rice London New Bhopal.

Belgium(1930) Pennsylvania Mexico (1952) York India
(1984) (1950) (1966) (1984)
Mortality and 15 22 4000 168 2500
Morbidity 5900 320 >20000 ---- 10000
Excess Deaths
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Ill 600

Age group Affected Elderly All ages Elderly at ---- All ages
Elderly Anticyclonic Noctural first ---------- Noctural
Weather inversion and Inversion, Anticycloni low winds
Anticyclonic fog low winds c inversion
inversion and fog
and fog

Geagarphical setting River valley Coastal River plain Coastal Plain

River valley
Sources Steel and zinc Sulphur Domestic Accident Fracturing
Steel and zinc manufacture recovery coal of tank
manufacture accident burning
Pollutants SO2 and smoke H­2S SO2 and SO2 and Methyl
SO2 and smoke smoke smoke isocyanate.

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USEFULLNESS OF STUDY OF AIR
POLLUTION :
The usefulness of studies of air
pollution disasters is that they
indicate the levels of atmospheric
pollution which cause immediate
health effects even though the
concentrations exist for only
short periods of time, i.e.,a few
days.
Hence, air pollution ambient
standards should be placed well
below these levels. 54
Global effects of air pollution
Green house effect
Acid rain
Ozone depletion
Global warming
Heat island effect

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Remedial measures
Process change
Fuel change
Control at source

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