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 Class 10th - Geography

Resources and
Complete
development
Revision
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Material which satisfy our needs, provided it is technologically accessible,

Resources economically feasible and culturally acceptable.

Process of transformation of things Available in our Environment Involves Interaction between :

1. Nature
2. Technology
3. Institution

Development of Resources Need? Vital for human survival but there are some issues

Depletion, Accumulation in few hands( Rich and Poor) and global ecological crises Solution

ஃ Earth summit, 1992 gave the concept of Agenda 21.

More than 100 heads of states met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil for addressing
Sustainable development
urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development
at the global level.
It aims at achieving global sustainable development through combating
environmental damage, poverty, disease by global cooperation.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Resource planning Need? Resources are unevenly distributed

1. Identification of Resources, 2. Evolving a planning structure to use them, 3. Matching

How it takes place in India?
resource development plan with National Development plan.

Conservation of Resources: Technology, Colonialism and need for conservation → Gandhian Idea

Land Resources India has varied relief features with different uses.

Forests, Land not for cultivation (Barren land, roads, factories etc.)
Land use pattern in India other uncultivated land (Pasture land, under miscellaneous trees
culturable wasteland) fallow lands( Current and other than current)
● Permanent pasture and Net Sown Area
● Variation in net sown area
● Forest area in the country is
far lower than the desired 33
per cent.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Land degradation Deforestation, overgrazing, mining, excessive irrigation.

Conservation Measures: Afforestation, management of grazing land, controlling mining and over irrigation.

Important renewable natural resource, relief, parent rock, climate vegetation

Soil as a resource
plays a very crucial role in soil formation.

Soil erosion and soil conservation

(Removal of soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion)

Causes Wind, glacier, water (Gullies, sheet erosion), deforestation, overgrazing and afforestation.

Conservation measures Contour ploughing,terrace cultivation,strip cropping,shelter belts and afforestation.

CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Que. Mention the main reason for land degradation in states like Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh and Odisha.
(a) Overgrazing
(b) Mining
(c) Over irrigation
(d) Mineral processing

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/5/1]

 Ninja Technique To learn Soils

Soil Basis Area / State Crop Contain X - Factor

Northern plains (Interplay of Paddy, wheat, sugar Silt, sand and clay
Alluvial Indus, Ganga Brahmaputra) cane and other cereal Potash, phosphoric acid and lime. Khadar and bangar

Fine clayey material Self aeration (develops

Deccan trap (Gujarat, M.P and Calcium carbonate, magnesium cracks and sticky when
Black Maharashtra) Cotton carbonate but poor in phosphoric dry and wet
content. respectively.)

Reddish due to diffusion

Odisha, chhattisgarh and of iron and yellow when
piedmont zone of the Western Develops on crystalline igneous
Red and Yellow Plantation (coffee) rocks and contain iron particles. it occurs in hydrated
Ghats. form.

Hilly areas of karnataka, Kerala, Cashew nuts, pineapple

Meghalaya( Tropical Evergreen cultivation tea and Poor in humans, deep and acidic Intense leaching due to
Laterite and deficient in plant nutrients. heavy rain.
areas.) coffee.

Lacks humus and moisture, sandy in

Found in the Western parts of Rainfed crops, Jowar, texture and saline in nature,Contain After proper irrigation
Arid Rajasthan Bajra, Maize become cultivable
calcium.

Hill and mountainous regions Mountain vegetations Loamy and silty in valley and coarse Fertile on valley and
Forest (J&K,HP,UK, Sikkim and AP) and forests. grained in upper slopes terraces.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Que. Read the following characteristics of a soil and identify the soil from the given
options.
● It is widely spread and important soil.
● Northern plains are made of it.
● It consists of sand, silt and clay.
Options:
(A) Yellow soil
(B) Black soil
(C) Laterite soil
(D) Alluvial soil

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/2/2]

CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Discuss the purpose of Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit and what was its outcome.

● The first United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) was
held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992 to formulate an Agenda to promote
sustainable development.
● This convention endorsed the Global Forest Principles and adopted 'Agenda 21' for
achieving sustainable development in the 21st century.
● The objectives of Agenda 21 are the elimination of poverty, hunger, sickness and
illiteracy worldwide while halting the deterioration of sustain life.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Mention three problems that are associated with the indiscriminate use
of resources.

The following three problems are the result of indiscriminate use of resources:
● Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.
● Accumulation of resources in few hands, which in turn has divided the society into two
segments-rich and poor.
● Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such as
global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

“Resource planning is a complex process” Justify the statement with

arguments.

● Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country, which
involve surveying, mapping and measuring the quality as well as quantity of the
resources.
● Evolving a proper planning structure for the development of the resources by using
appropriate skill, technology and institutional set up.
● Matching of resource development plans with overall national development plans.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?

Following steps should be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas
● Afforestation - This is done by planting trees.
● Terrace farming and contour ploughing this is done across the hill slopes.
● Restricted grazing of animals and they should be moved over different pastures so as to
avoid erosion of soil.
● Any other relevant point.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Suggest any six measures to solve the problem of land degradation.

The following measures can help to solve the problem of land degradation

● Afforestation over deforested areas.

● Proper management of grazing on permanent pastures.
● In areas where desertification has taken place, growing thorny bushes.
● Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents after treatment.
● Control on mining activities.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Trace the features of alluvial soil with reference to its formation, area, classification
and containing minerals.

● Formation : Alluvial soil is made-up of silt, sand and clay. It is deposited by three important Himalayan
river systems the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. It is bigger and coarser in the upper
reaches of the river and becomes finer as the river flows down.
● Distribution/Area : This soil is prevalent in the river valleys of the Northern plains (Indus, Ganga,
Brahmaputra), strips in Gujarat and Rajasthan, as well as in the Eastern coastal plains in the deltas of
rivers of the Peninsular plateau (Mahanadi, Krishna, Kaveri).
● Classification : According to their age, alluvial soils can be classified as (Bangar) old alluvial and Khadar
(new alluvial). Khadar has higher concentration of kankar and contains more fine particles than Bangar.
● Minerals : This soil is rich in nutrients like potash, phosphoric acid and lime, which is suitable for
growing paddy, wheat, sugarcane and other cereal and pulse crops.
 Class 10th - Geography
Forest and wildlife
resources
Complete Revision
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Flora and fauna in India Vast biological diversity → But under threat

Biodiversity or Biological Diversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in form
and function but closely integrated in a system through multiple network of interdependencies.

ஃ Conservation of forest and wildlife India was essential Steps taken

● Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
● Establishment of national park and wildlife sanctuaries
● All India list of protected species was published.
● Several projects were announced for protecting specific species. E.g. project tiger
● The conservation projects are now focusing on biodiversity rather than on a few of its components.
(Insects were included,Notification of 1980 and 1986, in 1991 six species of plants were included.
Project tiger

● It is tiger conservation programme launched on 1 April 1973 by government of India to

save the dwindling population of tigers due to various reasons.
● Tiger conservation has been viewed not only as an effort to save an endangered species,
but with equal importance as means of preserving bio types of sizeable magnitude.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Que. When was the Wildlife Protection Act implemented ?

(A) 1972
(B) 1978
(C) 1980
(D) 1985

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/5/1]

CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Types and distribution of forest and wildlife resources

Reserved Protected Unclassed

More than half of total forest land Almost one-third of total forest area Other forest areas owned by
Most valuable section of forests Protected to prevent further depletion government or private

Permanent forest

● Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forests, Constituting 75% of the total Area.
● Jammu & Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Maharashtra have large
(%) of Reserved forests
● Whereas Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh Odisha and Rajasthan have bulk of it under protected
forest.
● All North-eastern states have a very high % of their forest under Unclassed Section managed by the local
Communities.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Community and conservation

● Efforts of local community in conservation e.g. Sariska Tiger reserves against

mining.
● Villagers in Alwar district of Rajasthan Have declared 1200 hectares of land as
sacred and have their own rule for wildlife conservation.
● Chipko movement in Himalayas against deforestation.
● Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya for diversified crop production.
● Joint forest management (JFM) started in 1988 in odisha where both
government and public worked together for the restoration of forests.

Associating special religious importance to forests, animals, mountains and spring. A cultural
Sacred Groves
outlook which worship and protects the nature and natural resources.
Examples :
Mundas and santhals of chota nagpur region worship mahua tree, Tribes in odisha and bihar
worship tamarind and mango trees during weddings, worshipping of peepal and Banyan trees.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Que. Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read
both the statements and choose the correct option.
● Assertion (A) : The famous Chipko Movement in the Himalayas successfully
resisted deforestation in several areas.
● Reason (R) Options : (A): Through this, community afforestation campaign
indigenous species was made enormously successful.
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/4/1]

CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

What are the various steps taken by the government to protect and
conserve the depleting flora and fauna? Explain.

● Wildlife Protection Act (1972): The government made a law in 1972 to protect animals and
plants. This law stops hunting and illegal trading of wildlife.
● National Parks and Sanctuaries: The government created national parks and wildlife
sanctuaries to give animals a safe place to live and grow.
● Project Tiger (1973): In 1973, the government started Project Tiger to protect tigers. This
program works to stop poaching and protect tiger habitats.
● Saving Specific Animals: The government focuses on saving animals like the rhinoceros,
Asiatic lions, and crocodiles by protecting them from poaching and losing their homes.
● Protecting Insects and Plants: In 1980, the government started protecting insects like
butterflies and plants. In 1991, it also added plants to the list of protected species.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

What is ‘Project Tiger’ ? Why it was started, and what are its benefits?

Project Tiger is a tiger conservation program launched by the Indian Government in 1973 to save
tigers.
● It was started because, In 1973 the tiger population had dwindled to 1,827 from an
estimated 55,000 at the turn of the century. This happened because of Increase in activities
such as poaching for trade, shrinking habitat, depletion of prey base species, growing
human population, etc. left the tiger population on the verge of extinction.
Benefits of Project Tiger:
● It successfully stabilized and increased the tiger population in designated reserves,
protecting them from threats such as poaching and habitat loss.
● Tigers are apex predators and play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance.
Protecting tiger habitats indirectly supports the health of entire ecosystems.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

How would you differentiate reserved forest and protected forest?

Reserved Forest Protected Forest

● In reserved forests, right to all activities like hunting, ● But in protected areas, right to do activities
grazing etc are banned unless specific orders are like hunting and grazing etc are sometimes
issued by the government. given to communities living on the fringes of
● Reserve forests enjoy a higher degree of protection the forests.
and may be upgraded to the status of wildlife ● The protected forests do not face such
sanctuary and national parks. possibility.
● More than half of the total forest land has been ● On the other hand, only one-third of the
declared as reserved forests. total forest area is under protected forests.
● Madhya Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra ● Bihar, Odisha, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Pradesh and Rajasthan have their large area
Bengal and Maharashtra have large percentages of under protected forests.
reserved forests of their total forest area.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and

wildlife in India?

● In the Sariska wildlife sanctuary in Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining
activities.
● The Chipko Movement which was conducted in the Himalayas, has successfully resisted
deforestation in several areas.
● The Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri district of Uttarakhand conserved local seed diversity
and Forest.
● Joint Forest Management programme , which aimed formation of local (village)
institution to manage and protect the forests.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Write a short note on Sacred Groves.

● Sacred groves are forests or trees that are protected by local communities because they
are considered sacred. These areas are preserved due to their religious importance.
● Sacred groves are often dense with plants like trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbers. They
are usually found near a water source and are home to a village deity.
● Examples in India: In regions like Chota Nagpur, Odisha, and Bihar, communities
worship specific trees like mahua, kadamba, tamarind, and mango during religious
events like weddings.
These groves play an important role in both culture and conservation.
Class 10th - Geography
Water
Resources
Complete Revision
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Water scarcity Unavailability of water due to the variations in seasonal and annual precipitations.

● Over-exploitation, excessive use and unequal access to water, Population growth, Wastage of fresh
Causes drinking water, Intensive industrialisation and urbanisation, Agriculture as one of the major
exploiter of groundwater.
● Areas receiving heavy rainfall also face water shortage (qualitative Scarcity).

● Government of India by announcing the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM). Enable every rural household get
Solution assured supply of potable piped water(55 litres per capita per day )
● Atal Bhujal Yojana (Atal Jal) : Objective is to bring in behavioural changes in the community, from the
prevailing attitude of consumption to conservation and smart water management in water stressed districts.
● Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana : Enhance the physical access of water on the farm and
expand cultivable area under assured irrigation (har khet ko pani)

Conservation is essential to safeguard ourselves from health hazards,

Need for water conservation and management. ensure food security, of our livelihoods and prevent degradation of
our natural ecosystems.
Sophisticated water harvesting system at sringaverapura near Allahabad,
Hydraulic structures in ancient India dams and lakes built during Chandragupta Maurya, irrigation works in
Kalinga, Nagarjunakonda, Bennur and Kolhapur, Bhopal lake and Hauz Khas.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Dams and multipurpose river projects

Meaning and type Positives

Negatives

● A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir. This
reservoir is called dam. This structure has a section called spillway or weir through which water flows.
● Dams are classified according to structure, intended purpose or height.

Positive Multipurpose Projects Negative

-MPP serves variety of purposes such as -They fragment river streams, cause floods, earthquakes, and
irrigation, electricity generation flood landslides and displace hundred thousands people.
-They cause excessive sedimentation and harm the aquatic life of
control, fish breeding, inland navigation etc.
-Integrated water resource management the water body.
-Dams have also caused salinisation of soil and changed cropping
approach for the development of both rural
and urban area. pattern, leading to increased social and economic gaps.
- “Temples of modern India”- J.L. Nehru -It triggers floods, caused soil erosion, water-borne diseases,
pests, and pollution.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Que. In which of the following States Tungabhadra Dam is located?

(A) Tamil Nadu

(B) Kerala
(C) Andhra Pradesh
(D) Karnataka

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/1/1]

CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Rainwater Harvesting The collection, saving, and storage of rainwater for future use or times of crisis.

● Guls or kuls in hill and mountainous.

Traditional rain water harvesting system
● Inundation channels in the flood plains of Bengal.
● Rooftop rainwater in the flood plains in Rajasthan.
Rooftop rainwater harvesting ● Khadins and Johads in parts of Rajasthan.
● Underground tankas were built in Barmer and Bikaner.
● Bamboo drip irrigation system in Meghalaya.

Common techniques for water conservation are

construction of percolation pits, digging and refilling
of dug wells and trenches, roof water collected in the
tanks below the ground and on the rooftops.

Though it is on the decline in western Rajasthan, rooftop rainwater harvesting is gaining popularity in other states
like Shillong, Karnataka(Gendathur) and Tamil Nadu (made compulsory in this state by law).
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Que. Which one of the following is the irrigation system in Meghalaya ?

(A) To irrigate land only during rainy season.

(B) To use large volumes of water for irrigation.
(C) To remove water from soil.
(D) To use bamboo drip irrigation system.

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/3/1]

CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?

The shortage of water; an imbalance between the demand and supply of water, also good quality of
water, is referred to as water scarcity.
Causes of water scarcity are :
I. The availability of water resources varies over space and time, mainly due to the variations in
seasonal and annual precipitation.
II. In agricultural sector to facilitate higher food-grain production, water resources are being
over-exploited.
III. Overuse of water resources due to rapid industrialisation and urbanisation.
IV. Scarcity due to the bad quality of water.( Pollution )
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Why did Jawaharlal Nehru proclaim the dams as the "temples of

modern India"? Explain any three reasons.

Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed the dams as the “temples of modern India” because
it will integrate development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid
industrialisation and growth of the urban economy:
(i) They eliminate or reduce flooding.
(ii) Provide water for agriculture.
(iii) Provide water for human and industrial consumption.
(iv) Provide hydroelectricity for houses and industries.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

State the importance of multi-purpose projects.

Some of the main functions of the multipurpose projects are:

I. Electricity Generation: Dams generate hydroelectric power, providing a renewable source of energy.
II. Water Supply: They supply water for domestic and industrial needs, ensuring availability for daily
activities and economic growth.
III. Flood Control: Dams help in controlling floods by regulating water flow and storing excess water
during heavy rains.
IV. Recreation: Reservoirs created by dams offer recreational opportunities such as boating and
tourism.
V. Inland Navigation: Dams facilitate inland water transport by creating navigable water routes.
VI. Fish Breeding: The water bodies formed by dams promote fish breeding, benefiting the fishing
industry.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

In recent years, multipurpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny and
opposition. Explain why?

In recent years, multipurpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny and opposition for a
variety of reasons.
(i) Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow.
(ii) River's diversion and barricading due to building of dams impact migration and spawning of aquatic life.
(iii)The dams have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir and release of excess water
during heavy rains.
(iv)Large scale displacement of local communities, local people who give up their land for the
projects hardly receive any benefit.
(v)Sometime multipurpose projects induced earthquakes, caused water borne-diseases and pests, and
led to pollution resulting from excessive use of water.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Ancient hydraulic structures Describe the hydraulic structures made in ancient india?

(i)In the first century BCE, Sringaverapura near Allahabad had a sophisticated water harvesting
system which could channel the flood water of river Ganga.
(ii) During his reign Chandragupta Maurya, constructed many lakes, dams and irrigation systems.
(iii)Sophisticated irrigation works are also found in Kalinga (Odisha), Kolhapur
(Maharashtra), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka), etc.
(iv) One of the largest artificial lake was built in Bhopal in the 11th century.
(v)In the 14th century, Iltutmish constructed the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi to supply water to the Siri
Fort area.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Describe any three different rainwater harvesting systems practised in India.

(i)In hilly and mountainous regions, people build diversion channels like 'gul' or 'kul' in
Western Himalaya for agriculture.

(ii)Roof-top rainwater harvesting integrated with tanks was commonly practised to store
drinking water particularly in Rajasthan and Gujarat.

(iii) In West Bengal, people develop inundation channels to irrigate their fields.

(iv)In semi-arid regions agricultural fields are converted into rain-fed storage structures that
allowed the water to stand and moist the soil known as Khadins and Johads.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Describe the working of the rooftop rainwater harvesting technique.

● The rainwater falling on the roof is collected through a PVC pipe

and filtered using sand and bricks.
● Then, it is collected in the sump for immediate use.
● Excess water from the transferred to a well, which recharges the
sump groundwater.
● Any further requirement of water can be taken from the well.
 Class 10th -
Geography
Agricultur
e
Complete Revision
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Types of farming

Primitive Subsistence Intensive Subsistence Commercial Farming

- Practised on small land. -Farmers produce maximum -Use of higher doses of
- Uses primitive tools output from limited land. modern inputs in order to
-hoe, dao, digging sticks. -Right of inheritance and obtain higher productivity.
-Depends on monsoon its association with intensive -Interface of agriculture
& natural fertility of soil. subsistence farming and industry where a
-Called different names -Labour intensive compared single crop is grown on a
in different parts of to farming. large area for profit
country. (Slash and burn) -High doses of biochemicals earning.
& irrigation required for higher -Plantation is also a
production. type of commercial
farming.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Que. Choose the correctly matched pair.

(a) Primitive subsistence farming – Practised on large patches of land

(b) Intensive subsistence farming – Single crop production farming
(c) Commercial farming – Use of higher doses of modern inputs
(d) Plantation farming — Practised on small patches of land

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/5/1]

CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Cropping pattern

Ninja Technique Kharif Rabi Zaid

Sowing period Onset of monsoon In winter March - April

[June - July] [October - November]

Harvesting period In September - October Summer [March - April] May - June

Crops Paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, Wheat, barley, peas gram and Watermelon, muskmelon,
tur, moong, urad, cotton, mustards. cucumber, vegetable and
jute, groundnut and soybean. fodder crops.

Irrigation Rainfall Western temperate cyclone and Private source of irrigation

canals Ex. Tubewell, lakes & well
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Que. Read the given statements and choose the correct option with regard to Rabi
cropping season from the following:
I. Rabi crops are sown in winter.
II. Sown from October to December and harvested from April to June.
III. Important crops are Maize, Cotton, Jute.
IV.Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh are important for the production of
wheat. Options:
(a) I, III and IV
(b) II, III and IV
(c) I, II and IV
(d) I, II and III
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/1/1]
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Crops - Grains
Cultivation Annual rainfall
Crops season Temperature required State Key Point

Odisha and coastal

Rice Kharif Above 25o C Above 100 cm state India is the second-largest producer of rice.

10o - 15o C during and Punjab, Haryana, Second most important crop in the country,
Wheat Rabi 25o - 28o C at ripening 50 - 75 cm and U.P main food crop in north & north-west.

Coarse grains & have very high nutritional

Jowar Kharif Average 26o - 33o C 45 - 100 cm Maharashtra value. Third most important crop.

Coarse grains & have very high nutritional

Bajra Kharif 20o - 28o C 40 - 75 cm Rajasthan value.

Ragi Kharif 18o - 28o C 60 - 80 cm Karnataka “ “

Maize Kharif 21o - 27o C 50 - 75 cm Karnataka Used as both food and fodder.

Leguminous crops, plays role in nitrogen

Pulses Both 20o - 30o C 50 - 75 cm MP fixation. India is the largest producer as well
as consumer.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Que. Identify the crop with the help of the following information and choose the
correct option.
● This is the second most important Cereal Crop.
● This is a Rabi crop.
● It requires a cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of
ripening.
● It requires 50 to 75 cm annual rainfall.
Options:
(A) Wheat
(B) Maize
(C) Rice
(D) Sugarcane
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/1/1]
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Crops - Other than Grains

Annual rainfall
Crops Cultivation season Temperature required State Key Point

21o - 27o C (Hot &

Sugarcane Annual humid) 75 - 100 cm UP Main source of sugar, gur, Khandsari etc.

Kharif (groundnut),
Rabi (linseed and Used as cooking medium and raw
Groundnut material in the production of soap,
Oil seeds mustard) and both Depends on the crop Depends on the crop (Gujarat)
(castor) cosmetics, and ointments.

Tea Plantation 10o - 30o C Above 200 cm Assam Frequent evenly distributed rainfall

Arabica variety is produced in the

Coffee Plantation 23o - 28o C 150 - 200 cm Karnataka country.

Horticulture
crops Zaid / Any - - - Fruits and vegetable.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Non - Food Crops

Cultivation Annual rainfall Key Point

Crops season Temperature required State

Plantation Important industrial raw

Rubber crop Above 25o C Above 200 cm Kerala material.

210 frost free days and Maharashtra and India is believed to be the
Cotton Kharif sunshine 85 - 110 cm Gujarat original home.

Jute Kharif High temperature Above 200 cm West Bengal Golden fiber.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Technological and Institutional reforms Need?

Phase – I (after Independence) Phase – II (1960’s & 1970s) Phase – III (1980’s & 1990s)

-Collectivisation, consolidation -Green revolution the -Comprehensive land

of land holdings & cooperation. white revolution development programme.
-Abolition of the -Concentration of - Crop insurance.
zamindari system. development in few selected -Establish Grameen banks &
- Land reforms. areas. cooperative societies for providing
loans to farmers at low rates of
interests.
-Kisan Credit Card (KCC) &
Personal Accident Insurance
Scheme (PAIS).
- Special weather bulletins for
Bhoodan - Gramdan Vinoba Bhave → Pochampalli, AP → Shri Ram Chandrafarmers.
Reddy → Bloodless Revolution
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Explain any four characteristics of commercial farming in India.

Major characteristics of commercial farming in India are given below

● Commercial farming is crop selective and aims to provide raw materials for
industries.
● It is done for selling the agricultural products in the market or for exports.
● It requires intensive use of modern inputs like High Yielding Variety (HYV)
seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides etc to increase productivity.
● Commercial farming induces development activities in transport, connectivity
and processing industries.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Write three points of difference between primitive subsistence farming and

intensive subsistence farming.

Three points of difference between primitive subsistence farming and intensive subsistence farming are
as follows
Primitive Subsistence Farming
● This type of farming is done on very small patches of land.
● In this type of farming primitive tools like hoe, digging sticks are used for cultivation.
●This agriculture is dependent on rainfall and natural fertility of the
soil. Intensive Subsistence Farming
● In this type of farming, the land holdings are comparatively bigger.
● In this type of farming modern agricultural inputs like chemical fertilizers, HYV seeds, machines
are used wherever suitable.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Name the two most important staple food crops of India. Name the states where they are
produced. Write the geographical conditions required for their growth.

Geographical Conditions Rice Wheat

Soil Clay or clay loam (good water retention Well-drained fertile soil, heavy textured soil
capacity) with lime, clayey loamy soil or black soil
Above 25°C 10°-15°C during growth and 25°-28°C at the
Temperature time of ripening.
50-75
Above 100 cm
Rainfall Rabi season
Kharif season
Cropping season Ganga-Satluj plains , of Uttar Pradesh,
West Bengal Andhra Pradesh Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Deccan
Punjab and Odisha region of Madhya Pradesh
States where
crops grown
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Name the two major beverage crops grown in India. Highlight the conditions required for
their growth.

Tea and coffee are the two major beverage crops grown in India.
Tea and coffee are grown in:
Coffee:
● Coffee grows in areas having with temperature between 15°C and 28°C and rainfall of about 150 cm
to 200 cm.
● The area should have rich, well drained and loamy soil
●In India, it grows in hills around Nilgiris, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil
Nadu. Tea:
● Tea grows in areas with temperature between 20°C to 30°C and rainfall of
about 150 cm to 200 cm.
● It grows in well-drained soil. In India, it grows in Assam, West Bengal,
Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

How many cropping seasons are found in India? Name them and write a short note on
each.

There are three cropping seasons found in India. These can be explained as follows:
Rabi Season:
● Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June.
● Some Rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard
●Availability of precipitation due to western temperate cyclones helps these crops to
grow. Kharif Season:
● Kharif Crops are sown with the onset of monsoon and harvested in September- October.
● Some examples are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute,
groundnut and soya bean.
● They are grown in Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala
and Maharashtra, particularly the (Konkan coast), Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Zaid Season:
● There is a short growing season during the summer months known as the Zaid season.
● This season is between the Rabi and Kharif season.
● Some Zaid crops are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Why there was a need of Technological and institutional reforms in agriculture ? What were
the Institutional and technological reforms introduced in India after independence.

Agriculture provides livelihood for more than 60 percent of the population, In spite of development of sources of
irrigation most of the farmers in large parts of the country still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in
order to carry on their agriculture so there is a needs of some technical and institutional reforms in agriculture.
After independence many Institutional and Technological reforms were introduced in India.
I. Land Reforms - consolidation of holdings, abolition of zamindari system etc.
II. Green revolution and White revolution to increase agriculture production.
III. Kissan Credit Card(KCC), Grameen banks, cooperative societies and Rural banks were established for
farmers for providing loans at lower rates of interest.
IV. Minimum support price, Crop insurance scheme against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease and
Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS).
V. Weather bulletins and agricultural programmes were introduced for farmers on the radio and
television.
 Class 10th - Geography
Minerals and Energy
Resources
Complete Revision
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Indispensable part of our lives. Minerals are defined as a homogenous, naturally occurring
What is a Mineral?
substance with a definable internal structure.

Mode of occurrence of minerals Various ways in which minerals are found.

● Occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints called veins and lodes. For
example: copper, tin and zinc.
● Occur in beds or layers as a result of deposition, accumulation and
concentration in horizontal strata. For example: coal and iron ore.
● Formed by decomposition of surface rocks, and the removal of soluble
constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores.
(Minerals may also occur as alluvial deposits, called placer deposits For
example: Gold, silver and platinum.
● Ocean waters contain traces of Minerals. e.g. Common Salt

India have fairly rich and varied mineral resources, but these are unevenly distributed
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Classification and distribution Peninsular rocks, Western ghats and Eastern ghats, Rajasthan
of minerals

Ferrous ● Iron : backbone of industrial development. Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content
of iron up to 70 per cent, Haematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore, content iron
between 50-60 per cent Major Iron ore belts found in India are Odisha-Jharkhand belt,
Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt, ballari-Chitradurga-Chikmagalur Tumkur belt, and Maharashtra-Goa
belt.
● Manganese : Manganese is used for manufacturing of steel, ferro-manganese alloy, bleaching
powder, insecticides and paints.

Non Ferrous ● Copper : Used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries. The Balaghat mines in Madhya
Pradesh, Khetri mines in Rajasthan and Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading producers of
copper.
● Bauxite : Aluminium is formed from Bauxite. Aluminium combines the strength of metals such as iron,
with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability. Bauxite is mainly found
in Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni. It is majorly found in
Odisha.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Que. Which one of the following is an example of the Ferrous Metal ?

(a) Copper
(c) Bauxite
(b) Tin
(d) Nickel

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/4/1]

CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Non Metallic ● Mica : Most indispensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries. Mica
deposits are found in the Chota Nagpur plateau, Koderma Gaya - Hazaribagh belt of
Jharkhand, Ajmer in Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh.

Rock mineral ● Limestone :Found in association with the rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium
and magnesium carbonates. Used as basic raw material for the cement industry and
smelting industry.

- Negative impact on miners and environment → “Killer industry”

Conservation -The rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present
Need?
of Minerals rates of consumption.

Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other

substitutes are steps in conserving our mineral
resources for the future.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

● Conventional : Traditional source which are not renewable

Energy resources
● Non conventional : Clean and safe energy resources which are renewable.

Conventional Sources

● Coal is an extremely important source of energy. It is used for power generation, to supply energy
to industry as well as for domestic needs.
Coal ● Coal is found in variety of forms. Decaying plants in swamps produce peat. Lignite is a low grade
brown coal which is soft with high moisture content. Bituminous is the most popular coal in
commercial use. Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.
● Gondwana coal [200 Million years old] and tertiary coal [55 years old] are the classification on
the basis of age.

● Petroleum or Mineral oil provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw
Petroleum materials for various manufacturing industries.
● Petroleum refineries acts as a nodal industry.
● Occurrence of petroleum - anticlines and fault traps.
● Mumbai High, Gujarat and Assam are major petroleum production areas in India.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

● Natural Gas is found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is
brought to the surface. It is used as fuel in power sector to generate electricity,
Natural Gas in chemical, petrochemical and fertilizer industries, as transport fuel and as
cooking fuel.
● Krishna- Godavari basin, the Gulf of Cambay Andaman and Nicobar islands.
Hazira-Vijaipur - Jagdishpur cross country gas pipeline

The per capita consumption of Electricity is considered as an index of development.

● Hydro electricity : Generated by fast flowing water, and by multi-purpose projects like the
Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley Corporation, the Kopili Hydel Project, etc., producing
Electricity
hydroelectric power.
● Thermal electricity : Generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas in 310 thermal
power plants.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON
Non-Conventional Energy sources are becoming the
Non Conventional Sources preferred sources of energy.

● Energy obtained by altering the structure of atoms

Nuclear or Atomic energy
● Uranium and thorium available in Jharkhand and in Rajasthan are used for generating
atomic or nuclear power. The Monazite sands of Kerala is also rich in Thorium.

Solar Energy ● India has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. Photovoltaic technology converts
sunlight directly into electricity.
● It will minimise the dependence of rural household on firewood and dung cakes.

● Wind farms are located in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,

Wind Power
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep.

● Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas.
Bio Gas
● Gobar gas plants and twin benefits.
➔ Energy to the farmers
➔ Improved quality of manure.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

● Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity. The Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kachchh in
Tidal energy
Gujarat on the western coast and Gangetic delta in Sunderban regions of West Bengal provide
ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy.

● Refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the
Geothermal energy
interior of the Earth.
● The Parvati valley near manikaran in HP and Puga valley Ladakh

● Judicious use of limited energy resources.

● Minimise wastage of minerals.
● Use of modern technology for the exploitation of energy resources.
Conservation of energy resources ● Minimise the export of energy resources.
● Use of substitutes.
● Encourage recycling.
● Need to develop a sustainable path of energy development.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Que. Choose the correctly matched pair.

(a) Ferrous - Natural Gas

(b) Non-Ferrous - Nickel
(c) Non-Metallic Minerals - Limestone
(d) Energy Minerals - Cobalt

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/1/3]

CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Describe the importance of minerals in human life.

Importance of minerals in human life-

● Minerals are an indispensable part of human life. Almost all things we use are made
of minerals.
● Human beings use minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and
ceremonial rites.
● Buildings, ships, railway lines, cars, buses, aeroplanes, various implements etc. are
manufactured from minerals and run on power resources derived from the earth.
● Our food too contains minerals. Life processes cannot occur without minerals. In
toothpaste, fluoride which is used to reduce cavities, comes from a mineral fluorite.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

How do minerals occur? Explain with examples.

Minerals occur in different forms depending on how they are formed and the type of rocks they are associated with. Here
are the main ways minerals occur.
● In the Form of Veins and Loads : In Cracks of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks minerals can be found in cracks or
gaps in rocks. When hot, melted minerals rise through these cracks and cool down, they harden into solid minerals.
Examples are tin, copper, zinc, and lead.
● In the Form of Beds and Layers : In Layers of Sedimentary Rocks some minerals form in layers in sedimentary rocks
over long periods of time. They occur in horizontal strata, examples include coal and iron ore. Other minerals, like
gypsum and salt, form when water evaporates in dry areas.
● In the Form of residual mass of weathered material : When rocks on the surface break down over time, some parts
are washed away, leaving the residual part of weathered material behind. Bauxite, used to make aluminum, is
formed this way.
● In the Form of Placer deposits: Minerals like gold, silver, tin, and platinum can be found in the sand of riverbeds or at
the base of hills. These minerals don’t easily wear away in water.
● In Oceans: Oceans have a lot of minerals, but they are usually spread out. However, some useful minerals like salt,
magnesium, and bromine are taken from ocean water. The ocean floor also has manganese nodules.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

What are the impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the
environment?

● Health of Miners: Miners are vulnerable to pulmonary diseases due to inhaling dust
and toxic fumes, and they face risks like collapsing mine roofs, floods, and fires.
● Environmental Impact: Mining contaminates water sources, degrades land, and
increases pollution in streams and rivers due to the dumping of waste and slurry.
● Need for Regulation: Stricter safety measures and environmental laws are essential to
prevent mining from causing severe harm to both miners and the environment.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Why is Conservation of mineral resources essential? Explain any three methods to conserve
them.

Conservation of mineral resources is essential because these resources are finite, non-renewable, and take millions of years to form.
As we continue to consume them at a rapid pace, the depletion of these resources could severely impact industries and agriculture,
which are highly dependent on them.

Three methods to conserve them.

i)Technological Improvements: Advancing technology allows for the use of low-grade ores at lower costs, which means more
efficient extraction processes and better utilization of available mineral resources.

ii) Recycling of Metals: By recycling and reusing metals, the need for fresh extraction is reduced, conserving existing mineral deposits.

iii)Use of Substitutes: Finding alternative materials to replace minerals in certain applications reduces the pressure on
finite resources. For example, using synthetic materials in place of metal components where possible helps conserve
minerals.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

What are the four main types of coal found in India?

The four main types of coal found in India are:

Peat: This is the first stage of coal formation with low carbon content, high moisture, and low heating capacity.
Lignite is a low-grade, soft, brown coal with high moisture content and low heating capacity. It is mainly used for
generating electricity, with significant reserves in Neyveli, Tamil Nadu.
Bituminous coal is a higher-quality coal formed from deeper burial and higher temperatures. It is the most
commonly used coal for commercial purposes. A special type of bituminous coal, metallurgical coal, is valuable
for smelting iron in blast furnaces.
Anthracite is the highest quality, hard coal, known for its high carbon content and excellent heating efficiency.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Why is energy conservation important for India, and what measures can be taken to
conserve energy?

Energy conservation is crucial for India because energy is essential for all sectors of the economy, including
agriculture, industry, transport, commercial, and domestic uses.
To conserve energy, India must focus on:
Promoting energy conservation: This includes reducing unnecessary energy use by switching off electrical
devices when not in use, using energy-efficient appliances, and adopting power-saving technologies.
Increasing the use of renewable energy sources: Shifting towards non-conventional energy sources like solar,
wind, and biomass can reduce dependence on fossil fuels and help achieve long-term energy security.
Encouraging public transport: Citizens can contribute by using public transport instead of personal vehicles to
reduce fuel consumption and promote efficient energy use.
 Class 10th - Geography
Manufacturing
Industries
Complete Revision
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

1. Modernising agriculture and Reduces regional disparities.

2. Eradicates unemployment and poverty.
Manufacturing & it’s importance
3. Export brings foreign exchange.
4. Encourages prosperity of country through higher value of finished goods.
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.
➔ Agriculture and industry goes hand in hand because.
➔ Agriculture gives raw materials to industries. While industry
gives tools, fertilizers etc and buy products from farmers.
In the present day world of globalisation, our industry needs to be
more efficient and competitive.

Self-sufficiency + goods must be at par in quality with those in the international market

Classification of Industries On the basis of

● Raw material based: Agro based, mineral based.
● According to their main role: Basic or key industries, consumer industries
● Capital investment based: Small scale, large scale.
● Ownership: Public sector, private sector, joint sector, cooperative sector
● Bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods: Heavy industries, light industries
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Que. There are two statements given as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the
statements and choose the correct option.
● Assertion (A): Agriculture and industry move hand in hand.
● Reason (R): Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of
unemployment and poverty from the country.
(a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the
correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
(b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/2/1]

CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Agro based Industries Textile Industries (cotton textile & jute)

● It contributes significantly to industrial production,

Occupies unique position → employment generation and foreign exchange earnings.
● Self-reliant and complete in the value chain.

Cotton textiles ➔ Localisation in Maharashtra and Gujarat?

➔ Cotton industries creates demand and support many other industries.
➔ World class production in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality of fabric as it cannot
use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country.
➔ Spinning concentrated in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu while weaving is
decentralized to incorporate traditional skills.
➔ Localisation in West Bengal
Jute textiles
➔ Challenges faced. → Partition → Mills = India, Production Area =
Bangladesh
➔
➔ The first jute mill wasinset
Localisation/Shifting up nearstates
southern Kolkata in 1855 at Rishra.
Sugar Industry
➔ The raw material used in this industry is bulky, and in haulage its sucrose content reduces.
➔ Seasonal in nature, produces variety of products. (Sugar, Gur, Khandsari)
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON
Mineral based Industries Iron and steel is major industry, rest you can have an overview

1. Localisation near chota Nagpur plateau?

Iron and steel ➔ low cost of iron ore, high grade raw materials in proximity, cheap labour and vast growth potential in the
home market.
➔ Basic Industries, Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of goods, regarded as the index of a country’s
development, Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1.

Aluminum Smelting It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable.

Used to manufacture aircraft, utensils & wires.

Chemical Industry India produces organic & inorganic chemicals. The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
Centered around production of nitrogenous phosphate and ammonium phosphate
Fertilizer Industry
fertilizers. India lack potash reserves. After green revolution, the industry expanded.
Essential for construction activity and requires bulky and heavy raw materials. Industry has
Cement Industry
strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries.
Automobile Industry After liberalisation, demand of new contemporary models has increased. FDI brought new
technology.
Bangalore has emerged as electronic capital.Major impact of
Information Technology and Electronics this industry is on the employment generation.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON
Industrial pollution and Environmental Degradation
Caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as SO2, CO2.
Air Pollution
Airborne particulate materials.

Water Pollution Caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into
rivers by paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, etc.

Thermal Pollution Occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants are drained into rivers and
ponds before cooling. Wastes from nuclear power plants.

Noise Pollution Caused due to industrial and construction activities.

Machinery saws, electric drills make a lot of noise.
Control of Environmental Degradation

Water Minimising the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling, harvesting of rainwater, treating hot
water and effluents before releasing, (Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment) etc.

Air Reducing particulate matter through fitting smoke stacks, electrostatic precipitators,
fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Use oil/gas instead of coal.
Noise Fitting silencers in machinery using noise absorbing material.
Equipment adopting latest techniques, Minimising waste generation, Providing green belts, ash pond
NTPC shows the way management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management, Ecological monitoring.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

What is the meaning of manufacturing industry? Why is it considered the

backbone of economic development?

Production of good in the factories in large quantities after processing from raw
materials to move valuable products is called manufacturing industry.
● It helps in modernizing agriculture and reduces heavy dependence of people
on agriculture.
● Industries eradicate the problem of unemployment and poverty reducing
regional disparities.
● Brings the much needed foreign exchange.
● Diversifying industries helps in adding prosperity.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Agriculture and industries are complementary to each other? Explain

1. Agro industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.

2. Industries depend on agriculture for their raw material.

3. Industries sell that products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, etc. to the farmers.

4. Industries have made the production processes of agriculture very efficient.

5. Agriculture provides a huge market and consumer base for the industrial products.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Explain any three factors responsible for the location of the cotton textile
industry in Maharashtra and Gujarat.

I. Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port

facilities.

II. Cheap labour from the adjoining states.

III. The moist climate has caused the concentration of cotton textile industries in
Maharashtra and Gujarat regions.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

What are the factors responsible for the localisation of jute textile industries in
the Hugli basin?

● Proximity of the jute producing areas.

● Inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways and
roadways.
● Abundance of water for processing raw jute.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Industrial unit causes air pollution? Explain.

● Pollution is created by the presence of high proportion of gases released by

industries.
● Air borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles.
● Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and
smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels belong to the major polluting
industries.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

What are the various types of pollution caused by industries? Suggest some measures to
prevent environmental degradation caused by them?

The types of pollution caused by industries are :

● Air Pollution: Industries emit harmful gases like sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, along with particulate matter
from burning fossil fuels and industrial processes, which can have severe health impacts.
● Water Pollution: Organic and inorganic wastes from industries like textiles, chemicals, and paper are discharged into
water bodies, contaminating them with toxic substances such as heavy metals and chemicals.
● Thermal Pollution: Hot water discharged from thermal plants into rivers can harm aquatic life and disrupt
ecosystems.
● Noise Pollution: Industrial activities generate loud noises from machinery, which can cause stress, irritation, and health
issues like hearing impairment and increased blood pressure.
The measures to prevent environmental degradation caused by them are :
● Water Management and Treatment: Industries should minimize water usage by recycling it, implement rainwater
harvesting, and treat effluents through multi-phase processes before discharging them into water bodies.
● Pollution Control Technologies: Electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators can be used
to reduce Particulate matter in the air.
CLASS 10th | FINAL EXAM 2025 | COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY MARATHON

Important Questions

Explain the pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power

Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment and resources.

● Optimum utilization of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing

equipment.
● Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilization.
● Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balances and encouraging
afforestation.
● Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling
system and liquid waste management.
● Ecological monitoring reviews and online database management for all its power
stations.
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