PHILOSOPHICAL

QUESTIONS
Direction: Choose your answer and write them on
your paper.
1. It is the study or discipline that uses human reason to
1. Plato investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles that govern all things.
2. Wisdom
2. The Greek term, philosophia, means .
3. Doubt
3. The Greek word, philos, means .
4. Philosophy 4. The Greek word, sophia, means .
5. Holistic Thinking 5. The Greek philosopher believes that Philosophy is
6. Love of wisdom brought about by man’s sense of wonder.
6. He believes that people engage in philosophy in order to
7. Karl Jaspers make sense of difficult life experiences.
8. Partial Thinking 7. It is an activity that requires a person to examine his or
9. Reflection her thoughts, feelings, and actions and learn from experience.
8. Rene Descartes considers this as a reason why
10. Love people
philosophize.
9. It is a perspective that considers the “bigger
picture” when looking at problems and situations.
10. It is a perspective that focuses on specific aspects
of
THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH
• Philosophy is perhaps the most “open” of all subjects, since no
question or point of view is off limits.
• The history of philosophy has been described as “the history of
heresy,” since it challenges us to question even our most
cherished beliefs.
• As one famous philosopher put it, “I do not know how
to teach philosophy without becoming a
disturber of the peace.” – Baruch Spinoza
TWO THOUGHT EXPERIMENTS

Give insight into what

makes moral
judgments right and
wrong.
The Tram Dilemma
• An out-of-control tram will soon kill
5
people who are stuck on the
track.
• You can flick a switch to divert the
tram to another track where only
one person is stuck.
• Should you flip the switch?

• Should you kill one person to save SWITCH

five?
The Surgeon’s Dilemma
• You are a surgeon with six
patients.
• Five of them need major
organ transplants.
• The sixth, an ideal donor for
all the relevant organs, is in
hospital for a minor
operation.
• Should you kill one person to
save five?
Philosophy will not
teach you how to
EARN a living but
how to make a life
WORTH LIVING.
“He who has WHY to live for can bear
almost any HOW.” – Friedrich Nitzche

“Those who do not move, do not

notice his chains.” – Rosa
Luxemburg
 is the study of how to do philosophy.

A common view among philosophers is that philosophy

is distinguished by the ways that philosophers follow in
PHILOSOPHICAL addressing philosophical questions.

METHOD There is not just one method that philosophers use to

(philosophical answer philosophical questions.

methodology) Philosophy is concerned with determining the concept

of truth.

Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry

 is the property of sentences, assertions,
beliefs, thoughts, or propositions that
are said, in ordinary discourse, to agree
with the facts or to state what the case
TRUTH IN is.
METAPHYSICS It is most often used to mean being in
AND THE accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an
PHILOSOPHY original or standard.
OF LANGUAGE
Truth is also sometimes defined in
modern contexts as an idea of "truth
to self", or authenticity.
PROPOSITIONS is a statement
about the world
or reality.

It may or may
not carry truth.
KNOWLEDGE

is the clear awareness It is the product of

and understanding of questions that allow for
something. clear answers provided
by facts.
FACTS
are propositions or statement which are
observe to be real or truthful.
CLAIM

is a statement that This means that

is not evidently or any claim can be
immediately proven by
known to be true. verification
 Therefore, truthful
statements can be
considered as based
on FACTS.
VIEWS REGARDING TRUTH
Remember the famous French
Philosophers emphasize the But as a philosopher, we do
philosopher, RENE DESCARTES
importance of belief as a basis for not assume that every
traced the need to philosophize to
determining truth. statement is true.
doubt.

In philosophy, SYSTEMATIC DOUBT is

employed to help determine the truth. Philosophers always Philosophers consider
This means that every statement, claim, engaged with the concept truth as a kind of quality
evidence, and experience is scrutinized of truth. or value.
and analyzed.

Knowledge is the clear awareness and

understanding of something, since it is true
knowing that we can determine what is true.
VIEWS REGARDING TRUTH
Doubt has a very important purpose
in philosophy as it drives our desire A Belief is true if it can be Truth is a belief or
to discover the truth. In philosophy, justified or proven using one’s statement that is true if
systematic doubt is employed to help senses. it is based on facts.
determine the truth.

Getting CONSENSUS or having people agree on

a common belief is another way of determining Getting everyone to agree on
what is true. (Although this approach has certain something may not take that belief
limitations.) true.

Philosophers also believe that claims and beliefs

should also be subjected to tests to determine
truth. Determining truth requires also that a
person can prove a statement through an action.
DISTINGUISH
OPINION
FROM TRUTH
 Let us look at the following statements and
determine which one states fact or opinion.

1. It takes me 30 minutes 2. Living near the school

is better because we do 3. My sister ate the last
to walk from my home to
not have to spend much piece of pizza pie.
school.
for transportation.

6. The aggressive manner

4. My sister is a selfish
5. The policeman firmly by which the policeman
person because she ate
pushed the suspect to his arrested the suspect is an
the last piece of pizza pie
knees and placed him in example of the brutality
and did not share it with that characterizes our
me. handcuffs.
police force
• FACT OR OPINION
Fact is something concrete that
be
canproven. You can find facts in legal
records, scientific findings,
encyclopedias, atlases, etc. In other
words, facts are the truth and are
accepted as such.
Opinion is less concrete. It's
vaiew formed in the mind of a person
about a particular issue. In other
words, it is what someone believes
or thinks, and is not necessarily the
truth.
Examples of an opinion:

1 2 3
Ann can have the Sue can have the Penny can have the
opinion that Italian food opinion that reading is opinion that cold
tastes best, while Joe boring, while Mike can weather is better, while
has the opinion that have the opinion that Tim can prefer hot
French food is ideal. reading is fun. weather.
 • Words to Identify
Questions to Identify Facts: Opinions:
1. Biased Words (bad, worse,
• Can the statement be proven or
demonstrated to be true? worst, good, better, best,
• Can the statement be observed in practice worthwhile, worthless, etc.)
or operation? Can you see it happen? 2. Qualifiers (all, always, likely, never,
• Can the statement be verified by
witnesses, might seem, possibly, probably,
manuscripts, or documents? should, etc.)
• Signal words to convey
Signal words to convey facts. • Claimed
opinion.
• Confirms • View
• Discovered
• According to • argues
• Demonstrated • suspect
 Direction: Write F if the statement is fact and O if the statement is
opinion. Justify your answer.
_ 1. Tuguegarao reached 42.2 degrees Fahrenheit making it the hottest
city in the Philippines.
_ 2.Dry Cough maybe one of the symptoms of COVID-19.
_ 3. Manuel Noveno Mamba is the latest Governor of Cagayan
_ 4. Staying in extremely hot places can protect you from COVID.
_ 5. Reading books of different disciplines can make you successful.
_ 6. Batil-Patong, a kind of pancit delicacy is the most delicious
food in Cagayan.
_ 7. Sweeping at night according to some Filipino beliefs drives the
richest away.
_ 8. Drinking liquor is prohibited to minors ages 17 and below.
_ 9. Buntun bridge is not only the most beautiful but the longest
bridge in the Philippines.
_ 10. All students have the same IQ
WHAT’S IN?

OPINIONS ARE A CONCLUSION IS A BELIEFS ARE STATEMENTS

STATEMENT THAT JUDGMENT BASED ON THAT EXPRESSES
GO BEYOND CERTAIN FACTS. CONVICTIONS THAT ARE NOT
PROVIDING FACTS. EASILY AND CLEARLY
EXPLAINED BY FACTS.

EXPLANATIONS ARE ARGUMENTS ARE FALLACIES ARE BIAS IS

STATEMENTS THAT SERIES OF ARGUMENTS BASED DISPROPORTIONATE
ASSUME THE CLAIM TO BE STATEMENTS THAT ON FAULTY WEIGHT IN FAVOR OF OR
TRUE AND PROVIDE PROVIDE REASONS TO REASONING. AGAINST AN IDEA OR
REASONS WHY THE CONVINCE THE THING, USUALLY IN A WAY
STATEMENT IS TRUE. READER OR LISTENER THAT IS CLOSED-MINDED,
THAT A CLAIM OR PREJUDICIAL, OR UNFAIR
OPINION IS TRUTHFUL.
 The facts that form
the bases of a To judge the
Claims are statements
conclusion may not be truthfulness of belief,
Facts are statements that require further
disputed but the we must also consider Some arguments may
that are observed to examination to
conclusion itself could things such a person’s contain fallacies.
be real or truthful. determine their
still be contested or experiences and
truthfulness.
questioned. views.

Opinion applies to what,

Opinions are often
While Public opinion being true or false, may
We must be aware of influenced by bias.
Opinion is something is the intermediate be other than it is: in fact,
the various kinds of We must be aware of
intermediary between faculty which seizes opinion is the
fallacies as these bias so that we can
knowledge and the things that float apprehension of an
affect the validity of objectively and
ignorance. between the two immediate and
arguments. critically examine
extremes (Plato) unnecessary premise
points of view.
(Aristotle)

The opinion is a belief that is conscious of

being insufficient both subjectively and Public opinion is the convergence of the
Opinion, founded in the objectively (Kant) An opinion gives for truth opinions of the greatest number of people in a
probable, perhaps also the something that has been said, although community, so that they form a common and
name of knowledge (Leibniz) sometimes they are absurd words, which dominant feeling, exerting diffuse pressure
mean nothing, impossible to understand (Freund)
(Hobbes)