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The document outlines the design specifications for steel structures, focusing on bolted connections, material properties, and requirements for fasteners. It details the pretensioning of high-strength bolts, the use of rivets, and the necessary clearances and positioning for holes and nuts. Additionally, it discusses types of joints, load transfer, and provides examples for calculating design strengths and the number of required bolts in various connection scenarios.

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Mm
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5 views

1 Conection

The document outlines the design specifications for steel structures, focusing on bolted connections, material properties, and requirements for fasteners. It details the pretensioning of high-strength bolts, the use of rivets, and the necessary clearances and positioning for holes and nuts. Additionally, it discusses types of joints, load transfer, and provides examples for calculating design strengths and the number of required bolts in various connection scenarios.

Uploaded by

Mm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Design of Steel

structures

Bolted Connections
Material Properties
Material Properties
Minimum Bolt Pretension, kips*
Minimum Bolt Pretension, kN*
Material Properties
Pretensioned High Strength Bolts
 The bolts in a pretension joint are brought to very high tensile stress
equal to approximately 70 % of their minimum tensile stress. The are
mainly used with connections that depend on Friction to transmit the
forces between different parts .
Material Properties
Rivets

 Made of mild carbon steel


 Available in two grades
namely Grade 1 and Grade 2
with Fu of 5.0 and 6.0 t/cm2
Clearances and Holes for Fasteners
I-Holes

 May be drilled, punched or high quality flame cutting (High


Power Laser Beam).
Holes and Clearances and Nuts
Requirements
II-Clearances

Nominal Hole Dimensions, Inches


Holes and Clearances and Nuts
Requirements
II-Clearances

Nominal Hole Dimensions, mm


Holes and Clearances and Nuts
Requirements
II-Clearances

 Except for fitted bolts or where low-clearance or oversize holes


specified, the nominal clearance in standard holes shall be:

1 mm for M12 and M14 bolts


2 mm for M16 up to M24 bolts
3 mm for M27 and larger

 Holes with 2 mm nominal clearance may also be specified for


M12 and M14 bolts provided that the design meets the
requirements specified in clauses 4-4-1 and 4-4-2.
 Unless special clearances are specified, the clearance of fitted
bolts shall not exceed 0.3 mm.
Holes and Clearances and Nuts
Requirements
III-Nuts
 For structures subject to vibration, precautions shall be taken to
avoid any loosening of the nuts.
 Nut Looking Devices should be used for pre-tensioned bolts in
structures subject to vibrations.
Positioning of Holes for Bolts and
Rivets

 Pitch is the center to center distance of bolts in a direction parallel to the axis of
the member.
 Gage is the center to center distance of bolt lines perpendicular to the axis of the
member.
 The Edge distance is the distance from the center of a bolt to the adjacent edge of
a member.
Positioning of Holes for Bolts and
Rivets
Minimum Edge Distance from Center of Standard Hole to
[a] [b]

Edge of Connected Part, inches


Positioning of Holes for Bolts and
Rivets
Minimum Edge Distance from Center of Standard Hole to
[a] [b]

Edge of Connected Part, mm


Positioning of Holes for Bolts and
Rivets
Tension Compression
symbol
Min Max Min Max
End Dist. e1 1.5d 12tmin 1.5d 12tmin
Edge Dist. e2 1.5d 12tmin 1.5d 12tmin
L. Spacing s 3.0d 14tmin or 3.0d 14tmin or
200 mm 200 mm
*28tmin or *14tmin or
400 mm 200 mm
P. Spacing g 3.0d 14tmin or 3.0d 14tmin or
200 mm 200 mm
* Case of 2 or more gauges of bolts are
used

Spacing in Tension or Compression


Members
Positioning of Holes for Bolts and
Rivets

Maximum Spacing in Compression Members

Maximum Spacing in Tension Members


Positioning of Holes for Bolts and
Rivets
Recommendations

Minimum no. of Bolts in


one row
= 2 Bolts
Maximum no. of Bolts in
one row
= 6 Bolts (15d)
Long Joints

In case no. Of bolts > 6


bolts
L i  15d
BL 1 
200 d
0.75 BL 1.0 Distribution of Forces
Load Transfer and Types of
Joints
Types of Joints
Lap Joint

Butt Joint
(a) Failure by shearing of bolt. (b) Tension failure of plate.
(c) Crushing failure of plate. (d) Shear failure of plate behind bolt.
(e) Double shear failure of a butt joint.
Nominal Strength of Fasteners and Threaded Parts ksi (Mpa)
Nominal Strength of Fasteners and Threaded Parts ksi (Mpa)
Example No. 1
o Determine the design strength for the bearing type connections shown in the
figure. The steel is A36, bolts are 7/8-in A325, the holes are standard sizes, and
the threads are excluded from the shear plan. Assume the deformations a bolt
holes are a design consideration..
Example No. 1
Example No. 1
Example No. 1
Example No. 2
o How many ¾ in A325 bolts in standard-size holes with threads excluded from
shear plane are required for the bearing-type connection shown in the figure. Use
FU = 58 ksi and assume edge distance to be 2 in and the distance center-to-
center if holes to be 3 in. Assume the deformations a bolt holes are a design
consideration..
Example No. 2
Slip-Critical Connection
For slip-critical connections, the load is transmitted by friction
between the connected parts. Since bearing is assumed to not
occur, the strength of the fastener comes entirely from friction.

ϕRn =ϕ μ Du hsc Tb Ns

where
ϕ = 1.0 if prevention of slip is a serviceability limit state
= 0.85 if prevention of slip is at the required strength level,
Rn = Nominal shear strength, kips,
μ = Mean slip coefficient
= 0.35 for Class A surfaces
= 0.50 for Class B surfaces
= 0.35 for Class C surfaces,
Slip-Critical Connection
Du = 1.13 (the constant value that represents the ratio between the mean
installed bolt pretension and the minimum required bolt pretension;
alternate values can be used if it is verified),
hsc = Hole size factor
= 1.0 for standard holes (STD)
= 0.85 for oversized and short-slotted holes (OVS and SSL)
= 0.70 for long-slotted holes (LSL),
Ns = Number of slip planes, and
Tb = Minimum bolt pretension (see Table).
Slip-Critical Connection
When fasteners are loaded such that there exists shear and
tension components (see Figure), an interaction equation is
required for design. Research has indicated that the
interaction curve is
Slip-Critical Connection
Slip-Critical Connection
Slip-Critical Connection
For the lap joint shown in the figure, the axial service loads are PL = 27.5 k
PD = 40 K. Determine the number of 1-in A325 slip critical bolts in standard-
size holes need ed for the serviceability limit state if the faying surface is Cla
A. The edge distance is 1.75 in, and the C. to C. spacing of the bolts is 30 in.
B. Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi

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