LESSON 8:

PERIODIC MOTION
 Refers to
PERIODIC
motion that
MOTION is repeated
Examples of periodic motion are at regular
movement of the hands of a
clock, the pendulum in a
grandfather’s clock, a rocking
intervals of
chair, heartbeat, the rotation of
the blades of an electric fan and
time.
the movement of earth about its
axis and about the sun.
A body undergoing periodic
motion always has a stable
equilibrium position.
EQUILIBRIUM
POSITION/RESTING POSITION
The position assumed by the
body when it is not vibrating.
RESTORING FORCE
(GRAVITY)
A force that tends to restore
a body from its
displacement to its
equilibrium position.
By the time the girl reaches
position B, the body has gained
kinetic energy, overshoots this
position, moves and stops
AMPLITUDE (A) of
vibration - the
maximum displacement
of a body from its
equilibrium position.
PERIOD (T) – of a
body in periodic
motion is the time
required to make a
complete to-and-fro
motion. One
complete to-and-fro
motion is called a
cycle. Period is
FREQUENCY (f) – is the
number of cycles per unit
time. Its SI unit is the hertz
(Hz). One hertz is equal to
one cycle per second.
Frequency is 1the reciprocal of
period. 𝑓 = 𝑇

Sometimes, angular
frequency () is used instead
of frequency. Angular
frequency is commonly
expressed in radians per
second. The relationship
between angular frequency
2𝜋
𝜔=2 𝜋 𝑓 is
and frequency 𝑜𝑟given
𝜔= by
𝑇
THE PERIODIC MOTION OF
AN OSCILLATING SYSTEM
IS DIVIDED INTO TWO:
SIMPLE HARMONIC AND
DAMPED

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 Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a
type of periodic motion where the
restoring force is proportional to the
displacement of the body from its SIMPLE
HARMO
equilibrium position. This restoring
force acts in a 𝑭 𝒔 =− 𝒌𝒙 opposite that
direction
of the displacement. In equation,

NIC
Where is the restoring force or spring
force, x is the displacement from
equilibrium position, and k is a
proportionality constant. The negative
sign simply means that the restoring
MOTION
force and displacement are oppositely
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directed.
The direct proportionality
between the restoring force and
displacement distinguishes
simple harmonic motion from
SIMPLE
other types of vibratory motion.
Systems exhibiting simple
HARMON
The simplest form of simple
harmonic motion are called
harmonic oscillator is a body of IC
OSCILLA
simple harmonic oscillators.
mass (m) oscillating on one end
of an elastic spring also known
as the spring-mass system.
8
TOR
At either position of maximum
displacement, the force is greatest and
is directed toward
the equilibrium position, the velocity (v) SIMPLE
of the mass is zero, its acceleration is at
a maximum, and the mass changes HARMON
direction. At the equilibrium position, the
velocity is at its maximum and the IC
acceleration (a) has fallen to zero.
Simple harmonic motion OSCILLA
TOR
is characterized by this changing
acceleration that always is directed
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toward the equilibrium position and is
a) Equilibrium position – the
spring offers no restoring
force
b) Stretched spring – spring
is stretched, the
displacement is positive and
the restoring force is
c) Compressed spring – spring
negative
is compressed, the
displacement is negative but
the restoring force is positive.
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An external force can cause
objects, like springs, to stretch or
compress by a certain
displacement x. this force is
numerically equal to the restoring
𝐹 =𝑘𝑥 in direction.
force but opposite
Thus,
The proportionality constant (k) is
called the force constant of the
spring. It is the force needed to
produce a unit of elongation or
compression of the spring and has
the unit of N/m.
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 EXAMPLE
An oscillating body takes 0.8 s to complete
four cycles. What is the a) period, b)
frequency and c) angular frequency of the
body?
 EXAMPLE
An oscillating body takes 0.8 s to complete
four cycles. What is the a) period, b)
frequency and c) angular frequency of the
body?

Period = The unit is “Time” symbol “T”

Frequency = ” symbol “f”

Angular frequency = 2The unit is rad/s”

 YOUR TURN
An oscillating body takes 3.5 s to complete
five (5) cycles. What is the a) period, b)
frequency and c) angular frequency of the
body?
 EXAMPLE
A force of 3.0 N elongates a spring by 6.0
cm. a) What is the force constant of the
spring? b) How much force is needed to
elongate the spring by an additional 6.0
cm. ?
 EXAMPLE
A force of 3.0 N elongates a spring by 6.0
cm. a) What is the force constant of the
spring? b) How much force is needed to
elongate the spring by an additional 6.0
cm. ?

a. Finding force constant

k= F= 3.0 N and x= 0.06m convert

cm to m
 EXAMPLE
A force of 3.0 N elongates a spring by 6.0 cm. a)
What is the force constant of the spring? b) How
much force is needed to elongate the spring by
an additional 6.0 cm. ?

b. Force Needed to Elongate the Spring by

an Additional 6.0 cm
= 6 cm + 6 cm = 12 cm convert to m = 0.12m

F = (k) (Xtotal) = N unit

=?
 EXAMPLE
A force of 50.0 N
elongates a spring by
7.25km a) What is the
force constant of the
spring? b) How much
force is needed to
 EXAMPLE
A force of 20.5 N elongates
a spring by 1800 cm a)
What is the force constant
of the spring? b) How much
force is needed to elongate
the spring by an additional
 SOLVING FOR AMPLITUDE AND
MAXIMUM ACCELERATION

𝑨=𝒗
𝒎
𝒌 √ 𝒂=
𝒌
𝒎
𝐴

A= a=
Amplitude Acceleration
V = velocity k = force
m = mass m = mass
k = force A=
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 EXAMPLE
A simple harmonic oscillator
consisting of a 2.5 kg. body is
attached to a spring with a force
constant of 275 N/m. its maximum
speed is 0.65 m/s. Find its (a)
amplitude and (b) maximum
acceleration
 YOUR TURN
A simple harmonic oscillator
consisting of a 5500g. body is
attached to a spring with a force
constant of 450 N/m. its maximum
speed is 5.25 m/s. Find its (a)
amplitude and (b) maximum
acceleration
 SIMPLE
In a pendulum, the
PENDUL
period is the time it
takes for the
UM
pendulum to complete
one full swing back
and forth. It is usually
measured in seconds.
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 SIMPLE
A simple pendulum
PENDUL
consist of a
concentrated mass
UM
called the bob
suspended
√ 𝑳
𝑻 =𝟐 𝝅 by a
𝒈
light thread and
attached to a fixed
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Simple pendulum is governed by the following
rules:
1. The period of a simple pendulum is
directly proportional to the square
root of its length.

2. The period is inversely proportional

to the square root of the acceleration
due to gravity.

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Simple pendulum is governed by the following
rules:

3. The period is independent of the

mass of the bob.

4. The period is independent of the

angular amplitude if angular
displacement is small, say less than
or equal to 10

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A physical pendulum is
PHYSICA
one where the hanging L
object is a rigid body.
However, it can be made
PENDUL
to oscillate like a simple UM
pendulum by locating its
center of √
𝑻 =𝟐𝝅
mass
𝑰
and
𝒎𝒈𝑳
applying Newton’s
second law for rotation.
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 The damped harmonic
DAMPED oscillator is a classic
problem in mechanics. It
OSCILLATION describes the movement
of a mechanical
oscillator (eg spring
pendulum) under the
influence of a restoring
force and friction.
Underdamped oscillation
– the system oscillates with
decreasing amplitude until it
becomes zero. A swing
pushed just once is an
example of an underdamped
Systems
oscillationunder critical and
overdamped oscillations
return to equilibrium without
oscillating.
A critically damped
system returns to
equilibrium faster than
overdamped system. Door
closing mechanisms and
shock absorbers in cars are
designed for critical 29
damping. A spring
THE PERIODIC MOTION OF
AN OSCILLATING SYSTEM
GENERATES MECHANICAL
WAVES

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 Mechanical waves
MECHANI require a medium to
propagate. They cannot
CAL travel in a vacuum.
Examples of mechanical
WAVES waves are sound waves,
ripples, tsunamis and
seismic waves.
TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL
WAVES

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MECHANICAL WAVES OBEY
INVERSE SQUARE LAW

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Inverse square law states that:

“The intensity of the radiation

is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance”.

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MECHANICAL WAVES
UNDERGO SUPERPOSITION

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SUPERPOSITION
PRINCIPLE
When two or more waves travel
simultaneously in the same
medium, each wave will
proceed independently of the
others

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INTERFERENCE
occurs when two or more
waves meet while passing
through the same medium at
the same time. The resulting
disturbance is the sum of the
individual waves.
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Constructive interference
happens when two waves
overlap in such a way that
they combine to create a
larger wave.

Destructive interference
happens when two waves
overlap in such a way that
they cancel each other
out.
SUPERPOSITION RESULTS
IN THE CREATION OF
STANDING WAVES

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 STANDING WAVES
Standing waves occurs
when two waves of equal
frequency and amplitude
but travelling in opposite
directions meet.
NODES – are points
where the particles of the
medium are not
displaced from their
equilibrium position.

ANTINODE – are points

where particles
experience maximum
displacement.
MECHANICAL WAVES
EXHIBIT BY DOPPLER
EFFECT

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 The apparent
DOPPLER change in the
frequency of sound
EFFECT caused by the
motion of the sound
source and/or the
observer.
 SOUND
The audible frequency
range for humans is from Is a longitudinal
20 Hz to 20, 000 Hz
Ultrasonic is used for wave created by
ultrasound waves and is vibrating objects
defined as waves with
frequency more than 20 kHz. and capable of
Supersonic is used for objects
which travel at a speed producing a
greater than the speed of sensation in our
sound. These objects create
sonic boom (sound associated auditory system.
with supersonic objects)
generating enormous
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOUND
PITCH LOUDNESS QUALITY/
Refers to the
TIMBRE
Closely associated Property of a tone
highness or
with its intensity. that distinguishes
lowness of a sound.
Sound intensity is it from another
It should also be
perceived by the tone of the same
called the high-
human ear as pitch and
frequency sound.
loudness. Greater intensity
Thus, a high-
intensity means produced by
pitched sound must
louder sound. different
be a high
frequency sound instrument.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOUND
BEATS ECHO RESONANCE
When two sounds
slightly different Reflection of Occurs when an
frequencies are sound. Sound object vibrates as
produced at the its natural
waves maybe
same time, a frequency upon
reflected from receiving
regular rise and fall
walls, impulses from a
in the loudness
may be heard. mountains, the source that is
These alterations in ground and vibrating at the
the loudness are other barriers. natural frequency
of an object.
MECHANICAL WAVES ARE
DESCRIBED BY SINUSOIDAL
WAVE FUNCTION

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A sinusoidal function is one with a
smooth, repetitive oscillation.
"Sinusoidal" comes from "sine", because
the sine function is a smooth, repetitive
oscillation. Examples of everyday things
which can be represented by sinusoidal
functions are a swinging pendulum, a
bouncing spring, or a vibrating guitar
string.

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