OINTMENT

SDr Y. Shiva Kumar

Professor
 OINTMENTS
“OINTMENTS ARESEMISOLID
DOSAGE FORMS INTENDED FOR
EXTERNAL APPLICATION TO
SKIN OR MUCOUS MEMBRANE”
. EITHER MEDICATED
OR NON MEDICATED
 EITHER DISSOLVED OR
. MDISPERSED
E D I C AT E IN
D A VEHICLE
. AS FINE POWDER e.g
USTEROIDS.
N M E D I C AT E D
UNMEDICATED
OINTMENTS ARE USED
FOR PHYSICAL EFFECTS
SUCH AS PROTECTANTS or
LUBRICANTS
-
OINTMENT BASES ARE CLASSIFIED
O I N T M E N T B A S E
INTO FOUR GENERAL GROUPS.
S
- OLEAGINOUS
BASES.
- ABSORPTION
BASES.
- WATER-
REMOVABLE
 OLEAGINOUS BASES
(HYDROCARBON BASES)
- ON APPLICATION TO SKIN
THEY HAVE AN EMOLLIENT
EFFECT.
- PROTECT AGAINST
ESCAPE OF MOISTURE.
. THEY ARE EFFECTIVE
OCCLUSIVE
AS
DRESSINGS.

- IMMISCIBLE WITH
- THEY CAN REMAIN ON SKIN FOR
LONGER PERIODS WITHOUT
DRYING
OUT.
- WATER AND AQUEOUS
SOLUTIONS
IN SMALL AMOUNTS CAN
BE INCORPORATED WITH
SMALL
- DIFFICULTY.
WHEN POWDERED
- THEY
INCLUDE:
- PETROLATUM
- WHITE
PETROLATUM
- YELLOW OINTMENT
- WHITE OINTMENT
 A B STYPES
TWO ORPTION BASES
.
- THOSE THAT PERMIT
INCORPORATION OF
AQUEOUS
FORMATION OF W/O
SOLUTIONS RESULTING IN
EMULSIONS
.THOSE THAT ARE ALREADY W/O
EMULSIONS AND PERMIT
INCORPORATION OF
 P RO P E RT I E S O F
ABSORPTION BASES
. THESE BASES MAY BE
. THEY DO NOT PROVIDE
USED AS EMOLLIENT

. THESE BASES ARE NOT EASY

DEGREE OF OCCLUSION

TO
REMOVE FROM SKIN SINCE
OLEAGINOUS
THE EXTERNAL PHASE OF
- EMULSION IS
DIFFICULT TO WATER
- THEY PERMIT INCORPORATION
OF
AQUEOUS SOLUTION RESULTING
IN
FORMATION OF W/O EMULSION.
- THOSE THAT ARE ALREADY W/O
EMULSION,THEY PERMIT SMALL
QUANTITIES OF AQUEOUS
SOLUTION TO BE
. INCORPORATED.
THEY FORM A GREASY FILM ON
SURFAC
SKIN
E
. THEY INCLUDE:
. LANOLIN
. ANHYDROUS
. LANOLIN COLD
CREAM
WATER REMOVABLE
. THEY ARE OIL IN WATER
(EMULSIFYING BASES)
BASES
EMULSIONS HAVING AN
EMULSIFIER WHICH MAKES
THEM READILY MISCIBLE WITH
. WATER.
WATER OR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS.
THEY MAY BE DILUTED WITH

- BECAUSE OF THEIR SURFACE

ACTIVE PROPERTY THEY
FACILITATE
- READILY WATER

.
WASHABLE
THEY INCLUDE:
. HYDROPHILLIC
. OINTMENTS VANISHING
CREAMS
 WATER SOLUBLE BASES
(GREASELESS BASES)
. UNLIKE OTHER BASES THEY
CONTAIN ONLY WATER SOLUBLE
. COMPONENTS
WASHABL
THEY ARE COMPLETELY WATER
E
. AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS CAN NOT
BE INCORPORATED EFFICIENTLY
BECAUS THEY SOFTEN GREATLY
WITH WATER ADDITION
.INCORPORATION OF
THEY
SOLIDMOSTLY ARE USED
.
SUBSTANCES
THESE BASES ARE USED FOR
FOR
LOCAL ANAETHETICS AND ARE
USED WHEN EASY WASHING
REQUIRED
FROM SKIN IS

- THEY
INCLUDE:

- PEG OINTMENT
-
S E L E C T I O N O F A P P R O P R I AT E B A S
DEPENDS UPON PURPOSE FOR WHICH
GOING TO
IS BE APPLIED

. DESIRED RELEASE OF
OINTNENT

DRUG
SUBSTANCE FROM OINTMENT
.. ABSORPTIO
DESIRABILITY OF TOPICAL
BASE
DESRABILITY OF OCCLUSION OF
MOISTURE FROM
.. STABILITY OF DRUG IN
OINTMENT BAS DESIRABILITY OF
SKIN
SURFACE TO WHICH IT IS TO BE
. EQUALLY
SKIN EFFICIENT ON DRY AND
.OILSHOULD HAVE A SUITABLE
. NO
.PHNONDEHYDRATING
. COMPATIBLE
IRRITANT AND NON
SENSITISING WITH A LARGE
EFFECT
.
NUMBER
OF DRUGS
MISCIBLE WITH SKIN
SECRETIONS AN EXCRETIONS e.g
SEBUM ,SWEAT etc
. TWO GENERAL METHODS DEPENDING
PRIMARIL ON NATURE OF INGREDIENTS
.INCORPORATIO
AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CONSTITUENS OF BASE

N
 INCORPORRATIO
N
INCORPORATION OF
SOLIDS

INCORPORATION OF
LIQUIDS
 INCORPORATIO
. THE COMPONENTS
N
(INCORPORATION OF SOLID)
ARE MIXED UNTIL A

.
UNIFORM
PREPARATION IS
ATTAINED
ON SMALL SCALE AS IN
COMPOUNDING THE COMPONENTS ARE MIXED
EXTEMPORANEOUS
USNG PESTLE AND MORTAR OR SPATULA MAY
BE USED TO RUB
INGREDIENTS ON AN OINTMENT
SLAB

. MEDICAMENT IS MIXED WITH SMALL AMOUNT OF

.
BASE AND REMAINDER IS MIXED GRADUALLY
AND TRITURATED CONTINEOUSLY
IF MATERIAL TO BE INCORPORATED IS SOLID THEN
SOLID IS TRITURATED TO FINE POWDER AND
FIRST
THEN SHOULD BE INCORPORATED
- IT IS OFTEN DESIRABLE TO REDUCE PARTICLE
CRYSTALLINE
SIZE OF MATERIAL SO THAT FINAL PRODUCT

. WILL
NOT BE
GRITTY
THIS IS DONE BY LEVIGATING OR MIXING
SUBSTANCE
A VEHICLE IN
INWHICH IT IS INSOLUBLE SO

. THAT A SMOOTH DISPERSION IS FORMED

LEVIGATING AGENT SHOULD BE IN EQUAL

.
VOLUME TO SOLID MATERIAL
IF MATERIAL TO BE INCORPORATED IS
SOLUBLE IN ONE OF INGREDIENTS OF

.
BASE ,FIRST DISSOLVE IN THAT INGREDIENT
AND THEN INCORPORATE
TWIN-ROLLER MILLS ARE AVAILABLE FOR

. PREPARATION OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF

OINTMENTS BY HAND
IF INGREDIENTS OF OINTMENTS ARE REACTIVE
WITH STAINLESS STEAL SPATULA(AS DOES
 INCORPORATIO
. (INCORPORATION OF LIQUID)
NARE ADDED ONLY AFTER DUE
LIQUIDS
CONSIDERATION OF AN OINTMENT BASE

. CAPACITY TO ACCEPT VOLUME REQUIRED

ONLY SMALL AMOUNT OF AQUEOUS

. SOLUTION IS INCORPORATED INTO

OLEAGINOUS OINTMENT

. HYDROPHILLIC OINTMENTS READILY ACCEPT

LARGE VOLUMES
WHEN IT IS NECESSARY TO ADD AQUEOUS
PREPARATION TO HYDROPHOBIC
BASE,SOLUTION FIRST MAY BE

.
INCORPORATED INTO MINIMUM AMOUNT OF
HYDROPHILLIC BASE AND THEN ADDED TO
HYDROPHOBIC BASE
 FUSION
. MEDICATED OINTMENTS AND OINTMENT
BASES
CONTAINING COMPONENTS SUCH AS
BEESWAX,PARAFFIN,STEARYL ALCOHOL AND HIGH
M.W PEGs WHICH DO NOT LEND THEMSELVES

. WELL TO MIXURE BY INCORPORATION ARE

OINTMENTS CONTAINING
PREPARED BY FUSION INGREDIENTS
QUITE
WHICHSOLID
ARE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE ARE
PREPAREDINGREDIENTS
MELTING BY IN A PORCELAIN DISH

.
OVER WATER BATH
THE USUAL METHOD IS TO MELT SUBSTANCE
WITH HIGHEST MELTING POINT FIRST,AND

.
THEN ADD INGREDIENTS IN ORDER OF THEIR
MELTING POINTS
SRIRRING SHOULD BE CONTINEOUS UNTILL
OINTMENT IS HOMOGENEOUS AND REACHES TO
. AN INSOLUBLE SUBSTANCE IS INCORPORATED
LEVIGATING WITH OIL
.
AFTER
ON LARGE SCALE FUSION IS CARRIED OUT IN
STEAM JACKETED KETTLES
.
TOPICAL APPLICATIONS ARE NOT
BE STERILE,HOWEVER
REQUIRED TO CONSIDERATION
MUST BE GIVEN TO INFECTIOUS
RESPONSE CAUSED BY CERTAIN
. MICROORGANISMS
BASES HAVING HIGH WATER
. CONTENT SUPPORT MICROBIAL
GROWTH

. DERMATOLOGIC PRODUCTS SHOULD BE

FREE OF:

. STAPHYLOCOCC
US AUREUS
.PRESERVATIVES USED TO
AMONG
INHIBIT THE
MICROBIAL GROWTH
IN TOPICAL PREPARATIONS
ANTIMICROBIAL
ARE:

- METHYLPARABE
N

- PROPYLPARABE
N

- BENZOIC ACID

- PHENOLS
FILLING IS DONE BY TWO
WAYS:

- HAND FILLING
- MECHANICAL
FILLING
 HAND FILLING:

.WEIGHTED AMOUNT OF
OINTMENT IS PLACED IN A JAR
WITH THE HELP OF FLEXIBLE
SPATULA
.OINTMENT IS FORCED DOWN TO
BOTTOM AND ALONG WALLS OF
JAR TO AVOID AIR ENTRAPMENT
 MECHANICAL
. FILLING:
IN THIS METHOD OINTMENTS
CAN BE FILLED IN TIN JARS
AND POLYETHYLENE TUBES
. FILLING IS DONE BY PRESSURE
FILLER WHICH CONSIST OF
NOZEL AND PISTON FROM
WHICH OINTMENT OOZES OUT

. ON APPLYIN PRESSURE ON
PISTON
TUBES ARE FILLED FROM
- VACCUM FILLERS ARE ALSO
AVAILABLE IN WHICH
NOZEL IS
ATTACHED TO VACCUM
PUMP

AN
OINTMENT
- OINTMENTS SHOULD BE
PACKAGED
SO THAT THERE ARE NO AIR
SPACES
. IN JAR
MUST BE STORED IN WELL
CLOSED CONTAINER TO AVOID
CONTAMINATION
. STORE AT COOL PLACE
TO AVOID SOFTENING
AND LIQUIFICATION
OF BASE
. IT SHOULD BE LABELLED
AS:

“FOR EXTERNAL USE

ONLY”
“VISCOUS LIQUID OR
SEMISOLID EMULSIONS FOR
APPLICATION ON SKIN AND
MUCOUS MEMBRANE”
CREAMS MAY
-
BE:

.
MEDICATED
FOR SPECIFIC
ACTION
NON-MEDICATED
e.g FOR APPLICATION ON
BURNS

EMOLLIEN
T
TWO
TYPES:
WATER IN OIL OR OILY CREAMS:
CONTAIN W/O EMULSIFIER e.g WOOL FATS AND
WOOL ALCOHOL
EXAMPLES:

COLD
CREAM
ZINC
CREAM

OIL IN
WATER
OR
AQUEOU
S
OIL IN WATER EMULSIONS
CONTAIN LARGE PERCENTAGE OF
WATER,STEARIC ACID AND OTHER
OLEAGINOUS COMPONENTS

AFTER APPLICATION WATER

EVAPORATES AND LEAVES BEHIND A
THIN RESIDUE FILM OF STEARIC
ACID AND OLEAGINOUS
COMPONENT

SO IT IS PROTECTANT IN NATURE
CREAMS ARE PREPARED BY
DISPERSING OR DISSOLVING
MEDICINAL AGENTS IN EMULSION
IN EXTEMPORANEOUS
PREPARATION PESTLE AND
MORTAR IS USED (A
MECHANICAL BLENDER)TO
PREPARE EMULSION

EMULSIFYING AGENT IS MIXED

WITH OI AND THEN WATER IS
ADDED

AFTER FORMATION OF
ADVANTAGES OVER
OINTMENTS

AQUEOUS CREAMS ARE

EASY TO WASH THAN ALL
OINTMENTS

CREAMS ARE EASIER

TO SPREAD THAN
OINTMENTS
SAME PACKAGING AS
OINTMENTS:

CREAMS SHOULD BE PACKAGED

SO THAT THERE ARE NO AIR
SPACES IN JAR

MUST BE STORED IN WELL

CLOSED CONTAINER TO AVOID
CONTAMINATION
- AMONG THE ANTIMICROBIAL
PRESERVATIVES USED TO
INHIBIT
MICROBIAL GROWTH IN
TOPICAL PREPARATIONS

-
ARE:
METHYLPARABE
N

- PROPYLPARABE
N

- BENZOIC ACID

- PHENOLS
ANSEL’
SHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS
P
AND DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

NASIR HAYYAT SIPRA

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