1

SERVICES
Prepared:
Mohammed qaraman
Agrin Ibrahim Supervised by :
Hevar shirwan Mr.Sarko hassan
Helen kamal Mrs.Daban abdulla
2 Content :
-Structure
Substructure
Superstructure

-Mechanical
Water supply
Waste water
HVAC
Elevator

-Electricity
Electrical
Socket and switch
Lighting
Generator and solar panels
3

Structure system
 Structure system
diagram
4 Isolated

Combined
Shallow
foundation Raft/Mate

Strip/Strap

Sub structure Grillage

pile
Deep
foundation Caissons

Pier
Flat
structure RCC One-way

Frame steel Two-way

structure
wood
block
Super Load- brick
structure bearing
stone

combination
5
Structure

Substructure Superstructure
It is the basic It is the superficial
element that part of the building
indicates the that is located above
foundation and the ground
ensures stability and (substructure) and
stillness of the includes all the
building structure. It elements that are
includes everything located above the
underground and foundation
ensures the stability
of construction

Wall - Floor - Openings - Roof - Stairs

Foundation
 6

Substructure Superstructure

Fig.1
Fig.2
7

What is foundation?
It is the underlying support that carries
the building load (structure) and It is made
of concrete or other durable materials
designed to bear heavy loads. There
are different types of foundation,
and the choice of the type of foundation
Fig.3
depends on the type of construction
and soil type.
8

Substructure

Foundation

{A} {B}
Shallow foundation: Deep foundation:

1) Isolated footing 1) Pile foundation

2) Strap/Strip footing 2) Caisson
foundation
3) Mate or Raft 3) Pier foundation
foundation
4) Combined footing
5) Grillage footing
9 A / Shallow foundation

1) Isolated footing :
It’s used to support a single
column of building or
structure. And it is designed
to convey the surface load
Fig.5
to so il and provide support
and stable structure. It’s Fig.4

used when the soil is strong

or the load is not very heavy.
10

2)Strap/Strip footing:
It is a horizontal structure
made of concrete or brick
that spreads the weights of a
wall or column over a larger
area than the soil or foundation Fig.6
underneath. The size and design
of wall footings depends on
multiple factors, including
building load, soil conditions,
and local building regulations.

Fig.7
11

3) Mate or Raft foundation:

Fig.8
This type of foundation is thick concrete
slab reinforced with still and usually
covering an area equal or greater than
base of building . This used when the
soil have poor bearing capacity. The Fig.9

design and construction of foundation

depend on various factor.
12

4) Combined footing:
It is used to support two or
more columns close together Fig.10

and transfers the load to the

rest beneath the test. It is also
used as in trapezoidal
combined d footing when the
load of one column is greater than
Fig.11
the other.
13

5) Grillage footing:
this type of shallow foundation
commonly used in construction
industry. It’s provide stable base
for heavy structures and it consists
of framework of steel or concrete
Fig.12
beams and columns. The size and
dimensions depend on the size and weight
of structure .

Fig.13
14 B/ Deep foundation

1) Pile foundation:
This type is used when the soil is
fragile (not durable) and cannot bear
heavy loads. It consists of columns
Fig.14
that go under the soil until they reach
a harsh place, and they are long
columns underground. it can
made of various materials such as
(concert , steel, or timber ).
It’s provides stability for building. Fig.15
15

2) Caisson foundation:
It is used in construction to support structures,
such as bridges, piers, and buildings,
in locations with deep or waterlogged
soil conditions. Caissons are large,
watertight structures that are typically
cylindrical or box-shaped also caisson
doesn’t have footing. They are often Fig.16

employed for building structures over rivers,

lakes, or areas with unstable soils where traditional
shallow foundations may not be suitable.
16

3) Pier foundation:
It is type of deep foundation which
which consists of a cylindrical
column of large diameter to support
and transfer large load. Its types Fig.17

are ( masonry or concrete piers and drilled

caissons).also pier has a footing and its
inserted down to the bedrock.

Fig.18
17
Selection of foundation depending on the
nature of the land(soil)

First sit [Dukan]

Foundation

Shallow
foundation

Fig.19
Strap/Strip Isolated Combined
footing footing footing
18

Second site [Sitak]

Foundation

Shallow
foundation

Fig.20 Combined Strap/Strip Isolated

footing footing footing
19

Third site
[Sulaymaniyah]
Foundation

Shallow
foundation

Fig.21
Combined
Isolated footing
footing
20
Processes used in the foundation of buildings
(villas) to protect against an earthquake.

1. Shear wall
Shear walls are structural
elements designed to resist
lateral forces, such as those
generated during an
earthquake. They play a
crucial role in providing
stability and reducing the
lateral sway of a building Fig.22
during seismic events.
Properly designed shear
walls can help protect a
building and its occupants
from earthquake-induced
damage.
21

2. Bracing system
This can include the use of diagonal
braces, shear walls, and other structural
components to improve a building's stability
during seismic events.
Proper bracing is a crucial aspect of
earthquake-resistant construction
to help protect people and property
Fig.23
from earthquake damage.
 STRUCTU
22 RE

SUB SUPER
STRUCTURE STRUCTURE
 Transfers loads from the  Transfers loads from the
superstructure to the upper part of building to
soil the substructure
23 • Superstructure

 It includes walls, columns, beams, slab upwards

Fig (25)
24 • There is three common types of
superstructure:

 Load-bearing walls  Framed structure  Composite structure

In load-bearing structures, the framed structure is made The structure constructed with
walls bear the load and up of columns and beams combination of both load-
transfer it to the foundation that are connected bearing wall as well as
structure. together to form a grid- framed structure.
like structure.

Fig (26)

Fig (27)
25
Load-bearing wall

 “load bearing structure is probably the

oldest and commonest type of structure,
“
-Frederick S. Merrit (building design and
construction)

 bearing wall is a wall that is an active

structural element of a building
Fig (28)
26
LOADBEARING WALL ACCORDING TO MATERIAL USED :

material

Masonry
mortar material

Concrete
N type brick stone
block

Concrete-
solid hollow Clay-brick Ashlar rubble
brick
 LOADBEARING WALL ACCORDING TO MATERIAL USED :
27

solid Density: (2100 to 2200 kg/cum)

Concrete block

hollow Density: (1250 to 1400 kg/cum)

A
Minimum compressive strength (MPa)
Clay-brick B
brick
C
Concrete brick

Fig (29)
28
LOADBEARING WALL ACCORDING TO MATERIAL USED :

stone

ashlar rubble

fig3
0
29 HOLLOW BLOCK SIZE DIMENSION :

Fig
32

Fig
31
30
brick size dimenssion :

Fig 33
31
Stone Load-bearing wall used in hawraman:

The walls around of 50cm of

mud and stone are kind of a
temperature insulator and
keep the house warm in
winter and cool in summer Fig
34

Fig
35

Fig 36
32 STONE LOAD-BEARING WALL USED IN Malkandi-Sulaymaniah:

Fig
37 Fig
38
Coursed-ashlar Random-ashlar
33 • Framed structure

 a framed structure is one that uses a

combination of beams, columns, and slabs to
withstand gravity and lateral loads

Fig 40

 the walls act only as a partition between rooms

and have no load-bearing functions

 In framed structures, walls are constructed after

the frame is ready

Fig 39
• Framed structure types based on material used:

Frame
structure

RCC frame structure Steel frame structure Wood frame structure

Fig 43
Fig
42
Fig 41 34
 • Types of slabs used in rcc:

35

Two-way slab

One-way slab Flat slab

Fig 46
Fig 45
Fig 44
36 Composite structure

 The structure constructed with

combination of both load-bearing wall
as well as framed structure is called
composite structure.

Fig
47
37 • Final thoghts :

 we suggest the combination one,in this type

external walls are made as load-bearing wall
while intermediate supports are made as RCC
columns.

 Composite structures supports a very large span

of roof.

 The cost is less. Fig 48

38

Mechanic analysis of villa

39 Content diagram

mechanic

Water Waste
HVAC elevator
supply water
40 Water supply systems

we have two types of water supply systems:

water supply system

Cold water Hot water

supply Supply

Direct system Indirect system

41 Cold water supply

Indirect system
Direct system

Fig 50

Fig 49
42 Cold water supply/direct system

Advantages:
 Fresh drinking water maybe obtained any point
 It is more economical because there are fewer pipes used

Disadvantages:
 During peak periods there is a tendency for the lowing of pressure
 If there is a mains burst (thermal expansion) there is no store of water
43 Cold water supply/indirect system

Advantages:
 In case of an interruption in the mains supply there is an adequate store of water
 There is no tendency of pipe bursting due to the low pressure in the pipe work

Disadvantage:
 It costs more than the direct system because more pipes are used
 Fresh drinking water is only available at the kitchen sink
44
Hot water system/hot water tank

There are two types :

 Electric
 Gas

It can be installed in the

Mechanics room in the villa
Fig 51
45

Hot water tank

it is better to put the pipe outside the villa because it will help us in the maintenance

Fig
52
46 Waste water

Waste water it can be divided into two parts :

 Sewage water(drainage system)
 Rain water
 Drainage system
47
We have two types of drainage system:

 Single stack system:  Two pipes system :

Is one large pipe in which all of the The system has different pipes for toilet
wastes waste to the other wastes, it sends toilet
waste directly into the manhole
In the house are connected to which can
inspection chamber before leading into
transform the waste directly to the
sewer
sewage

Fig
Fig 54
53
48 Rain water

 Rainwater can be reused instead of going into the sewer

However this water is not suitable for

Drinking, can be used for garden watering
Clothes washing by using a washing machine

Fig 55
49
Number of people in the household
required amount of water(at least) for 6 people

Hot water 300 liter per day

Cold water 450 litter per day
50 Conclusion

 Supply system : it will better to use indirect system

 Drainage system : it will better to use single pipe

 It is better to put pipes outside the villa

51 HVAC

HVAC

Ventilation Heating Air condition

Natural Artificial
 Ventilation
52
 Ventilation : the act or process of ventilation that replace noxious
air with fresh air
Types of ventilation :
 Natural ventilation
 Artificial ventilation
Natural ventilation : is the provide of ventilation by using natural
mean
Without the use of mechanical system
Natural ventilation depends on ( design form ( courtyard),wind
speed , location and size of the window)
We have types of natural ventilation :
 single sided ventilation
 Cross ventilation
 Stack ventilation
53
Natural ventilation
 In all types of natural ventilation inside air (co2 or smoking )
has a low pressure but fresh air or outside air has a high
pressure .

Fig 56
Fig
57
54 Artificial ventilation

the mechanical system or equipment that used to circulate air to replace

air with fresh air
Duct system
 Wall mounted
 Roof mounted
In both types air is taken out however (wall mounted) is circulate air
from one room to another , both types are more important in the kitchen
and bathroom

Fig 58
55 Heating and air condition(split system)

It is comprises of two parts: the outdoor unite (compressor, condenser coil) and
indoor unite (evaporator coil , AHH). During operation the evaporator is colder
in the room and the condenser is hotter around it.
Advantage:
 consume less electricity than other climate control options
 easy installation
 They provide the perfect balance between comfort and
convenience.
Fig 59
Disadvantage
 limited cooling and heating capacity
56
Size and capacity of split system

Table 1

Fig 60
57 minimum Size and capacity of split system

176
Cm

Fig 61
50
cm

Fig
62
58

Elevator

The upward and downward movement of people in newly erected multistorey buildings
is principally achieved by lifts. An architect will normally call in an expert engineer to
plan lift installations. At some times we will need a elevator
We have two types of elevator:
 hydraulic elevator
 electric elevator
Advantage of electric elevator:
 Provides mobility solutions
 Highly efficient
 Maintenance
Disadvantage
 it is costly to install

Fig
63
59
Elevator
Advantage hydraulic elevator
 less expensive to install than electric
 Occupy less space in a building, requiring almost 10% less area for the lift
shaft than other elevating means.
Disadvantage
 The relatively slow lifting speed
 Oil in the piston system can overheat fairly quickly, so efficient
temperature control is important.
 The hydraulic oil can emit an unpleasant odor
when it becomes too warm from overuse.

Fig 64
60
Standard size and capacity of elevator

Because our villa

accommodates six
people the first type is
the best because it is
also takes into account
guests

Table 2
61 elevator for disabilities person

People with disabilities elevator

Fig
65

Fig
66
62

Conclusion

 For our villa it is better to choose the (ERV) system because it

has more balance
 For elevator it is better to use an electric elevator because it can
also run on batteries during a power outage
63

Electrical analysis of villa

64 INTRODUCTION

The power system is a network which consists generation:

1.GENERATION
2.TRANSMISSION
3.DISTRIBUTION
It uses the form of energy {like coal and diesel}
And convert into electrical energy.
65 STRUCTURE OF POWER SYSTEM

GENERATION

TRANSMISSION

DISTRIBUTION

LOUD
66 GENERATION

 Generation is simply the conversion of energy from one form to another.

 The three major types of generation are:

 Fossil
 Hydro
 Nuclear
67 FOSSIL

 Fossil fuels such us coal, oil, gas are burned to generate electricity.

 The machines used in fossil generation are high speed but slow starting.

 The main issues are environmental as burning of fuel causes pollution therefore
low Sulphur content fuel is used.
68 HYDRO

 In hydro plants, electric power is generated by the water flowing through a turbine
which is coupled solidly to generator.

 Hydro machines are slow machines but they are quick starting and have a good
ramping rate.
69 TRANSMISSON

 Electric power transmission is the bulk movement of electrical energy from

generating site, such as a power plant, to an electrical substation. The
interconnected lines which facilitate this movement are known as a transmission
network.

 The transmission system consists of network of:

 Overhead lines
 Underground cables
70 OVERHEAD LINE

 Overhead lines are of two types:

 AC LINE
 DC LINE
71 AC LINE

 The overhead ac lines are applied on power system at voltages

in the range of 115 KV to 800KV.

ADVANTGE OF AC DISADVANTAGES OF
TRANSMISSION AC TRANSMISSION
1. SAVING LINE 1. HIGH POWER LOSS
CORRIDOR
2. VOLTAGE CHANGES 2. NOT SUITABLE FOR
ARE EASY UNDERWATER
TRANSMISSION
3. LOW COST 3. STRICT MODE OF
OPERATION
Table 3
 DC LINE
72

 In this mode of transmission, the three phase, 60HZ voltages and current are
converted to dc, transmitted on a dc line and are converted back to ac at the
other end.

 The massive transmission of electricity is in the form of dc over long

distance.

 For long underground or under water transmission.

 Moreover dc transmission is chosen over ac because it is less

 Expensive than ac over very long distances.

Fig
67
73 HOW IS ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTED AC AND DC

Fig
68
74

 Where should you position electrical sockets and switches?

 Electrical sockets: install socket at height of about {30 to 40} cm above the
floor.
 Space them evenly around the room typically about {1.8 to 3.7} apart.

 Light switch: install light switch at a height of about {106 to 122 cm} above
the floor.
For install
switch should
be

furniture mechanic
 Fig 69

75

Sockets outlet in bedroom hight: 35

to 40cm
Socket with tv hight:35 to 40 cm
Air conditioner socket
hight:120cm
Switch with socket hight: 60 to
Fig 70 cm
70

Socket outlet in bathroom should

proved and hight: 120cm Socket outlet in balconies should
Fig
71
proved and hight: 35 to 40 cm
Fig
72
76

Socket outlet in kitchen:

Socket with microwave hight:90cm
Socket with oven hight:140cm
Socket with refrigerator hight:120cm
Socket with dishwasher hight: 60cm
Fig 74
Socket with gas alarm:30cm

Some times socket outlet in kitchen hide

because the design does not change
Fig
73
77 Smart sockets

 Wi-Fi Smart Outlets: These are standard electrical outlets that can be controlled remotely using a smartphone app or a voice
assistant like Amazon Alexa or Google Assistant. They allow you to turn connected devices on or off remotely.
 USB Smart Outlets: These outlets include USB charging ports alongside traditional power outlets. They can charge
your devices while still providing standard electrical power.
 Smart Power Strips: These are power strips with multiple outlets, some of which are smart and can be controlled
individually. They are useful for controlling several devices simultaneously.
 Dimmable Smart Outlets: Some smart outlets are designed for lighting control and can dim compatible lamps or
fixtures, allowing you to adjust the brightness to your liking.
 Energy Monitoring Outlets: These outlets not only allow remote control but also provide energy consumption data for
connected devices. You can monitor how much energy each device is using.
 Outdoor Smart Outlets: Designed for outdoor use, these smart outlets are weatherproof and can control outdoor
lighting, garden equipment, or decorations.
 Smart Outlets with Voice Control: These outlets are compatible with voice assistants like Amazon Alexa or Google
Assistant, allowing you to control devices with voice commands.
 Zigbee or Z-Wave Smart Outlets: These outlets use wireless protocols like Zigbee or Z-Wave to communicate with a central hub
or controller. They are part of a larger smart home ecosystem and can interact with other compatible devices.
 Tamper-Resistant Smart Outlets: These outlets have built-in child safety features to prevent accidental insertion of foreign
objects.
 Smart Outlets with Timer and Scheduling: You can set schedules for when connected devices turn on or off.
This is useful for automation and energy savings .
78

Fig 75 Fig 76 Fig 77

Fig 78 Fig 79 Fig 80

Fig 81 Fig 82
Fig 83
79
Lighting

Day lighting

Lighting

Artificial lighting
80 Day lighting

It depends on to sunlight as well as the orientation of the house and

with the location and size of the windows
The daylight in internal areas can be evaluated according to the
following quality criteria: (illuminance) and (brightness);
(uniformity); (glare); (shadow)

Fig 84
 Prismatic redirection of Day lighting
81

We can bring in sunlight in several efficient ways :

Windows
 Prismatic redirection of light (light from the side)
Advantage :
 to obtain a more uniform distribution of daylight;
 to obtain better daylight illumination in the depths of the room
 to avoid glare when the sun is high, and to make use of
winter sun;

Prismatic redirection of light Fig 85

82
Prismatic redirection of Day lighting

Prismatic redirection of day

lighting

Fig 86
83

daylighting Roof lighting

 Roof lights: arranged at points on the ceiling area generate typical
minimum and maximum bright nesses in the region where the light is
required, the work plane. The mean value between these 'bright' and
'dark' areas is calculated
In all four types species, heat control is increased Fig
87

During winter. The weakness may be that it is the

Opposite in summer.
84
daylighting Roof lighting inclined lantern lights roof

Monopitch roof lights

Fig 89

Fig
88
Clerestory windows

Solar tubes

Fig 91
Fig 90
85
Standard minimum size for window in rooms

Location Width (cm) Height (cm)

Hall,living room 122 122
Bedroom, study room 122 122
Kitchen 91.5 122
Bathroom 46 46
Table 4
86 Louvered facades

 Louvered Facades: Exterior building designs with adjustable louvers can

modulate the amount of sunlight entering a building and help with temperature
control.

Fig
92
87
Artificial lighting

outdoor

Artificial

Lighting

Indoor
88 Artificial lighting/outdoor

In addition to its effects on vision, lighting can affect one’s

impressions of a space. Although visual performance will improve
with increasing light levels, the light level can become excessive if
people find spaces “too bright.”
 We can use Outdoor luminaires for exterior applications are
classified by IESNA according to their intensity distribution and
cutoff characteristics
Landscape luminaires :

Fig 94

Fig
93
89 Artificial lighting/outdoor

Pole mounted luminaires:

Fig 95
90
Artificial lighting/outdoor

One of the advantage of this light

that it protects the sky from light
pollution Fig
96

Fig
97
91
Artificial lighting/indoor

Lightingin residences should reinforce the needs and desires of the occupant.
The ability to easily and safely move about, the importance of considering the
people within the space, flexibility, attractiveness and economical concerns are
all important factors in residential lighting.
We can adjust the lights in the room on a basis:
 Level of illumination
 Light direction
 Limitation of glare
 Color of light and color rendering
 It also depends on the material being radiated
92
Lighting arrangement Forms of lighting for internal areas

Fig 98
93
Artificial lighting/indoor

We have five main type :

 general
 ambient
 mood
 task
 accent
 General Lighting
94

 General lighting is the basic foundation of a lighting scheme, providing a

uniform glow over an entire room and illuminating a space functionally
rather than for aesthetic reasons.

 A central pendant light is perhaps the most commonly used

source of general lighting and can be an important part of the
design of the room. A luxury chandelier or an artistic installation
both make great visual statements in a room and direct the eye .

Fig 99
95
Ambient Lighting

 The next layer of lighting is ambient lighting which is a great partner to general
lighting. Both types share important characteristics—they’re primarily functional
and used to light a complete area.
 The main difference between the two is in the direction of their light.
Interior designer April Russell explains the difference by saying,
“General lighting is just that—practical light for every day and night
use. Ambience lighting will more times out of none be connected to a
dimming system to control the light levels depending on the occasion.
Ambience lighting is generally used for entertaining—it creates
drama.”

Fig
100
96 Mood lighting

 Mood lighting is as important to the overall look of a room than general and
ambient lighting and a space would be bare without it. It makes a room
pleasantly inviting by creating pools of light which counteract the shadows
caused by general lighting.
 It’s also an important element of a room’s style as it tends to be equally
concerned with style as it is with function—popular options being table
lamps and floor lamps as seen in this Parisian living room design by Jean-
Louis Deniot.

For table lamps, a solid side table or console is preferable otherwise it can be
tricky to conceal the wires. Thread wires though a discreet hole drilled into the
surface or tape or staple them down a leg.

Fig 101
97
Task lighting

 Task Lighting
 As its name would suggest task lighting is any light source used for a
particular task like reading or cooking. By nature, these lights need to
have a stronger wattage than most other lighting. Always combine with
adequate ambient light, however, to avoid eye strain caused by the
sharp contrast from light to dark areas.
 Reading and working areas (like this home office by bacua) are some of
the most obvious areas in need of task lighting. Balanced-arm lamps
make great desk designs whilst flexible reading lights fixed near a
headboard are great for bedtime reading. Mirror lighting works well in
personal grooming areas and bathrooms.

Fig 102
98 Accent lighting

 Similar to task lighting, accent lighting has a particular function and is any
lighting which has specifically been included to highlight a particular
feature in a room.
 Spotlights which highlight artwork, sculptures and objects in cabinets or on
pedestals are examples of accent lighting which enhance the pieces and
prevent them from being lost in an under-illuminated space.
 Similar to task lighting, because of its nature, accent lighting
needs more lumens (the light output)—at least three times as
much—and therefore requires a higher wattage.

Fig 103
99

 General lighting is used in every room

 Ambient lighting and mood lighting usually used is dining areas and
living room spaces
 Task lighting mostly used in study room and office
 Accent lighting is used in dining area
100

Size and electrical requirement of lights

Table 5
101
Conclusion

 For light depends on the costumer opinion

 We have to inform the customer economically
102

 There are several ways to obtain electricity two them:

 GENERATORE
 SOLAR PANEL
103

 Solar panels: the device which are used to absorb the sun rays and covert them
into electricity or heat.
 What are the four major types of solar systems:

1.Concentrated PV cell 2. MONOCRYSTALINE 3. THIN FILM 4. POLYCRYSTALINE

Fig 104
104
Soler cell types advantages disadvantage Efficiency
rate
Monocrystalline High efficiency expensive %20
Solar Panels rate; optimised
(Mono-SI) for commercial
use; high life-
time value
Polycrystalline Lower price Sensitive to high %15
Solar Panels (p- temperatures;
Si) lower lifespan &
slightly less
space efficiency
Thin-Film: Relatively low shorter %7-10
Amorphous costs; easy to warranties &
Silicon Solar produce & lifespan
Panels (A-SI) flexible

Concentrated Very high Solar tracker & %41

PV Cell (CVP performance & cooling system
efficiency rate needed (to reach
high efficiency
rate

WHICH TYPE OF SOLAR PANEL IS BEST FOR VILLA?

Monocrystalline solar panel are the most commonly used

residential solar panel to date because of their power
table 6
capacity and efficiency.
105 Connecting solar panels to villa electricity

 1. string and install solar panels

 2. connect solar panels to inverter
 3. wire battery into home circuit breaker panel
 4.connect inverter to fuse box

 Fuse box: is an electrical panel containing fuses and circuit breakers to distribute electricity
through your home.
 Circuit breaker: an electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage
caused by overcurrent/overload or short circuit.
 Inverter: advice the converts direct current electricity to alternating current either for stand-
alone system or to supply power to an electricity grid.
106
1. Absorption of Sunlight: Solar panels are made up of many individual solar cells, usually composed of silicon. When sunlight
(photons) strikes the surface of the solar panel, it’s absorbed by the semiconductor material.

2. Creation of Electron-Hole Pairs: The energy from the absorbed photons causes electrons in the semiconductor
material to become energized, creating electron-hole pairs. This is where the photovoltaic effect comes into play.

3. Flow of Electrons: The energized electrons are then able to move through the material, creating an electric current.
This movement of electrons is what we refer to as electricity.

4. Collection of Electricity: Conductive metal plates on the sides of the solar cells collect the electrons and transfer them
into wires. These wires form an electrical circuit, and the generated electricity flows through them.

5. Direct Current (DC) Output: The electricity produced by the solar panel is in the form of direct current (DC). DC
electricity flows in one direction, like the current from a battery.

6. Inverter Conversion: Most household appliances and the grid operate on alternating current (AC). Therefore, the DC
electricity produced by the solar panels is passed through an inverter, which converts it into AC electricity.

7. Utilization or Grid Connection: The AC electricity can now be used to power your home’s electrical appliances or can
be fed back into the grid. If you produce excess electricity, it can be credited or sold back to your utility company, depending on your
location and setup.

8. Net Metering: In many places, a net metering system is used, which allows homeowners to receive credit for the excess
electricity they generate. This means your electricity meter can run backward when you’re producing more electricity than you’re using.

9. Continuous Generation: Solar panels generate electricity as long as there’s sunlight. They don’t require
moving parts and can last for many years with minimal maintenance, making them a reliable and sustainable source of electricity .
 How do solar panels work?
107

 1. Absorption of Sunlight: Solar panels are made up of many individual solar cells, usually composed of silicon. When sunlight (photons) strikes the surface of the solar panel, it’s absorbed by the semiconductor material.

 2. Creation of Electron-Hole Pairs: The energy from the absorbed photons causes electrons in the semiconductor material to become energized, creating electron-hole pairs. This is where the photovoltaic effect
comes into play.

 3. Flow of Electrons: The energized electrons are then able to move through the material, creating an electric current. This movement of electrons is what we refer to as electricity.

 4. Collection of Electricity: Conductive metal plates on the sides of the solar cells collect the electrons and transfer them into wires. These wires form an electrical circuit, and the generated electricity flows through
them.

 5. Direct Current (DC) Output: The electricity produced by the solar panel is in the form of direct current (DC). DC electricity flows in one direction, like the current from a battery.

 6. Inverter Conversion: Most household appliances and the grid operate on alternating current (AC). Therefore, the DC electricity produced by the solar panels is passed through an inverter, which converts it into
AC electricity.

 7. Utilization or Grid Connection: The AC electricity can now be used to power your home’s electrical appliances or can be fed back into the grid. If you produce excess electricity, it can be credited or sold back to
your utility company, depending on your location and setup.

 8. Net Metering: In many places, a net metering system is used, which allows homeowners to receive credit for the excess electricity they generate. This means your electricity meter can run backward when you’re
producing more electricity than you’re using.

 9. Continuous Generation: Solar panels generate electricity as long as there’s sunlight. They don’t require moving parts and can last for many years with minimal maintenance, making them a reliable
and sustainable source of electricity .
108 generator

 Generator: machine the converts one form of energy in to another especially

mechanical energy into electrical energy as dynamo.

 Which type the generator use for villa:

 1. portable generator
 2.standby generator Single
load mechanic phase or
3 phase
109 The different between three phase and single phase

Single phase Three phase

 1.Number of Conductors: Three-phase systems have
 1 Number of Conductors: Single-phase systems three conductors - labeled as A, B, and C phases.
have two conductors - a live (hot) wire and a neutral
wire.  2.Voltage: Three-phase systems typically
provide higher voltages, such as 208, 230, 400, or
 2.Voltage: Single-phase systems typically provide 480 volts. Used in industrial and commercial settings.
voltages of 120-240 volts, depending on the region.
Commonly used in residential settings.  3.Waveform: In a balanced three-phase
system, the voltage waveforms are sinusoidal and are
 3.Waveform: The voltage waveform is 120 degrees out of phase with each other, resulting in
sinusoidal, oscillating between positive and negative smoother and more continuous power delivery.
values over time.
 4.Applications: Three-phase power is used
 4.Applications: Single-phase is suitable for for heavier loads and industrial applications, such as
smaller loads and is commonly used in homes, small factories, large motors, industrial machinery, and
businesses, and most household appliances. commercial buildings.
 How connecting generator to villa
110

An extension cord is a
length of flexible
electrical cable with plug
 1. select generator on one end and one or
more outlet on the other
 2. outdoor location end.

 3. extension cord
 4. transfer switch
 5. connect generator to transfer switch
 6. start generator
Is an electrical device that
 7. turn off main power to used to safely and
efficiently switch the power
 8. power distribution source of a building or
electrical system between
 9. monitor fuel and maintenance two source of electricity.
 10. safety precaution
 11.emergency shut off
 12. local regulation
111 CONCLUSION

parameter Solar panel Generator backup system

{solar battery
backup}
Source of energy Solar energy. Batteries store Internal combustion engine that runs on gasoline,
this energy propane, diesel, or natural gas

Power capacity Limited. Can provide power for High. Can supply power as long as there is a
a limited time (as long as the continuous supply of fuel
batteries have juice or the sun
is up)

Noise and emissions Quiet, no harmful emissions Can be noisy and emit harmful emissions

maintenance Minimal maintenance required. Regular maintenance required, including oil

Batteries degrade over time changes and filter replacements

dependability Rely on availability of sunlight, Can run continuously as long as there is fuel
limited capacity available

cost More expensive to install, but Less expensive to install, but higher ongoing fuel
lower ongoing costs costs

Table 7
 REFERENCES
112  STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS :

 [15/09, 23:24] : https://gharpedia.com/blog/various-types-of-footings-for-your-house/

 [15/09, 23:24] : https://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title/2620/foundation-merit
 [15/09, 23:27] : https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/content/book/9780071740098
 [15/09, 23:28] : https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cgj-2017-0647
 [15/09, 23:29] : https://trid.trb.org/view/126654

 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS:
 www. FE Mechanical workbook.com
 www.sciencedirect.com
 Neufert

 ELECTRICAL ANALYSIS:
 www.ieeeexplore.com
 www.sciencedirect.com
113

Thanks