Scribd
Upload
4 views15 pages

CRJU 225 - Chapter Presentation

Chapter 8 of 'Police Organization & Administration' discusses the importance of planning and decision-making in police management, outlining various approaches and types of plans. It highlights decision-making models such as the Rational, Incremental, and Heuristic models, along with the benefits and liabilities of group decision-making. Additionally, it addresses common errors in decision-making and the significance of ethics in the decision-making process.

Uploaded by

joseph.prioli
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views15 pages

CRJU 225 - Chapter Presentation

Chapter 8 of 'Police Organization & Administration' discusses the importance of planning and decision-making in police management, outlining various approaches and types of plans. It highlights decision-making models such as the Rational, Incremental, and Heuristic models, along with the benefits and liabilities of group decision-making. Additionally, it addresses common errors in decision-making and the significance of ethics in the decision-making process.

Uploaded by

joseph.prioli
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Chapter 8:

Planning and Decision


Making
Police Organization & Administration
CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo,
including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by
Freepik
1
Goals of Planning
Becoming common with the introduction of the Omnibus
Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, planning is
defined by John Hudzik and Gary Cordner as:

“thinking about the future, thinking about what we want


the future to look like, and thinking about what we need to
do now to achieve it.”

A plan is also oriented towards action, meaning that thinking


is only part of the planning process. Essentially, the purpose of
2
a plan is to determine what an organization should do, then
doing it.
1
5 Major Approaches to Planning

: Synoptic
4 Step planning model around which most other models are
based on.

1. Prepare to plan
2. Make a choice between alternatives
3. Implement the plan
4. Evaluate the plan and adjust as needed.
3
2
5 Major Approaches to Planning 3
: Incremental
: Transactive
Long-range and Not a blanket policy for
comprehensive planning every scenario; rather, it is
are too difficult and applied in face-to-face
inherently bad, so it breaks interaction with those
it down into one affected.
adjustment at a time.

4
4
5 Major Approaches to Planning 5
: Advocacy
: Radical
Usually associated with Two main meanings:
defending interests of the Collective action to achieve
weak. This approach has concrete results, and
greater sensitivity to critical of large scale social
unintended and negative processes.
side effects of plans

5
5 Main Types of Plans
1. Administrative
Formulation of department’s mission statement, goals, and policies;
structuring of functions, authority, and responsibilities; allocation of
resources; and personnel management.
2. Procedural
Guidelines for the action to be taken under specific circumstances.
Details how evidence is to sent/transported to a crime lab, and how to
stop and approach traffic violators
3. Operational
Describe specific actions to be taken by line units (patrol officers,
precinct groups, and/or division teams). Usually short and tense,
giving a direction and time constraints.
6
5 Main Types of Plans

4. Tactical
Planning for emergencies of a specific nature at known locations.
Examples include plans in anticipation of the taking of a hostage in a
prison or a jailbreak. This can be modified or disregarded in peculiar
and totally unanticipated circumstances. They can also be developed
for specific incidents as they arise, such as the January 6th storming
of the capitol.
5. Strategic
an ongoing process by which an organization sets its forward course
by bringing all of its stakeholders together to examine current
realities and define its vision for the future
7
Decision-Making Models
Though there is not extensive literature
regarding decision making in police
management, there are three models that
are common.

1. Rational Model
2. Incremental Model
3. Heuristic Model 8
The Rational Model
The Rational model assumes that the economic person will act
in a rational manner when faced with a decision-making
opportunity.

The assumptions for this behavior are that:


A person has complete knowledge of all alternatives
available to them.
They have the ability to order preferences according to
their own hierarchy of values.
They have the ability to choose the best alternative for 9
themself.
The Rational Model
Herbert Simon outlined several requirements for a
scientifically based theory of administration. According to
Simon, rational choices are based on a “principle of
efficiency”. His model contends that there are three essential
steps in decision-making processes:

1 - List all alternatives


2- Determine and calculate consequences in a
comparative fashion
3- Evaluate all these in a comparative fashion. 10
The Incremental Model

● Used typically when an administrator faces a set of


limiting political factors that prevent the decision making
process from being purely rational.
● Elected sheriffs may be completely inhibited by political
agendas to make rational decisions.
● Police managers and administrators will “play things safe”
and move slowly through the decision making process.

11
The Heuristic Model

Also referred to as the gut-level approach. This theory


contends that a decision is a product of the maker’s
personality and is seldom arrived at through logic.

Essentially, this model says that decision making is


emotional, non-rational, highly personalized, and a
subjective process.

12
Group Decision Making
There are benefits and liabilities to group decision making.
Though the benefits outweigh the liabilities, solutions to the
liabilities must be incorporated before issues arise.
Benefits Liabilities
● Greater Total Information and
Knowledge
● Social Pressure
● More Approaches to a Decision
● Individual Domination
● Better Comprehension of the
● Conflicting Secondary Goals
Decision
● Groupthink
● Process Participation Increases
Acceptance
13
Common Errors in Decision Making
There are several common error types that occur with
higher frequency than others.

1. Cognitive Nearsightedness
2. Assumption that the Future will Repeat Itself
3. Oversimplification
4. Over-reliance on One’s Own Experience
5. Preconceived Notions
6. Unwillingness to Experiment
7. Reluctance to Decide 14
Ethics
Definition: Ethics are standards of behavior that dictate how
humans are supposed to act within the roles they find
themselves in.

● Making ethical decisions requires training and sensitivity


to ethical issues
● When faced with an ethical issue:
○ Recognize the issue
○ Determine whether the issue is personal,
interpersonal, or social
15
○ Determine whether the conflict, situation, and decision
would be damaging to people and/or the community

You might also like