HOW DNS works

The Domain Name System (DNS) translates domain names into IP

addresses so that users can access websites and other internet
resources. DNS works like a phone book, connecting names with
numbers.
How DNS works
• A user enters a domain name into a browser.
• The browser sends a message to a DNS server.
• The DNS server translates the domain name into an IP address.
• The DNS server returns the IP address to the browser.
• The browser uses the IP address to load the requested website.
DNS servers
DNS servers are managed by the internet service provider (ISP). DNS
servers can also store DNS query results in a temporary database
called a DNS cache. This speeds up DNS lookups and saves processing
power.
HOW DNS works
 HOW DNS works
• A browser ,application or device called DNS client issues a DNS request or DNS address look up by providing the
hostname such as amazon.com
• The request received by a DNS resolver: this is responsible for finding the correct IP address for that hostname.
• The resolver starts searching from the root DNS server, moving down the hierarchy from TLD down to specific
domain.

Blog. Subdomain. Example. Net

Most specific 3LD 2LD TLD

When the resolver reaches the authoritative DNS name server it receives the IP address and other relevant info and
returns it into the client.
• The internet works by using a network of computers that are
connected by IP addresses. When you access the internet, your
device sends a request to a server, which then sends back the
information you want.
Steps for accessing the internet
• Enter a URL into your browser's address bar
• Your browser sends a request to your router
• Your router sends the request to your modem
• Your modem converts the request to an electric signal
• The signal finds the server that has the information you want
• The server sends a packet of information back to your modem
• Your modem converts the packet back to an Ethernet signal
• Your router receives the packet and sends it to your browser
• Your browser reassembles the packets into a website
• An internet service provider (ISP) essentially acts as a gateway to the internet,
allowing individuals and businesses to access the web by providing the necessary
infrastructure and connection through various technologies like cable, fiber optic, or DSL,
essentially acting as a bridge between a user's device and the vast network of computers
on the internet;
• A network service provider (NSP) is a business that offers network access
and services to other businesses. NSPs are responsible for the
performance and dependability of the network.

What do NSPs offer?

• Internet access: NSPs provide access to the internet through their

backbone infrastructure or network access points (NAPs)

• Data transport: NSPs provide services to transport data

• Network infrastructure management: NSPs manage network infrastructure

• Cybersecurity: NSPs provide cybersecurity measures

Levels of internet service
providers
• Tier 1 ISPs: Global Backbone Providers

• Tier 1 ISPs, often known as global backbone providers, are the world's highest level of internet
service providers.

• They have extensive coverage and operate their own global internet backbone networks.

• These firms have huge networks of high-capacity fibre optic connections that traverse continents
and cross seas to connect the world's main data centres.

• AT&T, Sprint, Level 3 Communications, and Verizon are examples of Tier 1 ISPs.

• Tier 1 ISPs do not need to purchase services from other network operators like lower-tier ISPs do.
provide faster and more reliable connections compared to other levels of ISP services

• do not have direct relationships with end-users or small organizations looking for internet access.

• Instead, they usually sell wholesale bandwidth capacity to smaller regional carriers or Internet
Service Providers (ISPs).
• Tier 2 ISPs, also known as regional carriers, provide internet services to a
specific region or area.

• They connect Tier 1 networks to individual users or small businesses in

different locations.

• These ISPs typically have smaller networks compared to Tier 1 providers,

• Eg: Vodafone,

• Easynet,

• BT
• Tier-3 ISP: These ISPs are closest to the end users and helps them to connect to the internet by
charging some money. These ISPs work on purchasing model. These ISPs have to pay some cost to
Tier-2 ISPs based on traffic generated. They offer local connectivity, usually through cable or DSL lines, and
are responsible for maintaining their own network infrastructure.

The internet backbone is the core

network that connects large computer
networks and data centers around the
world. It's made up of high-capacity
fiber-optic cables and advanced
routers.
• Internet Exchange Point (IXP)" is the modern equivalent, essentially a physical location where
internet service providers (ISPs) and other network operators connect to directly exchange
internet traffic between their networks, usually offering better efficiency and lower costs
compared to routing through third-party providers; essentially, IXPs are the current standard for
network interconnection, evolving from the earlier NAP concept. These points acts as a hub for
internet traffic allowing different networks to interconnect and exchange data more efficiently.
 Types of Internet connection
1. Dial-Up Connection
• A dial-up connection is established between your computer and the ISP server using a
modem.
• A dial-up Connection is a cheap and traditional is very slow.
• To access the internet connection in the dial-up connection we need to dial a phone number
on the computer.
• It requires a modem to set up a dial-up connection, which works as interface between your
computer and the telephone line.
• In this connection, we can use either an internet connection or a telephone at a time.
• Eg: BSNL sancharnet (90’s to early 2000)
 Types of Internet connection
2. Broadband Connection
• Broadband refers to high-speed internet access with higher band width that
is faster than traditional dial-up access.
• we can use telephone and internet connection simultaneously.
• In this connection, the medium used is coaxial cable, optical fiber cable,
radio, or twisted pair cable.
 Types of Broad Band Connection
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line.
• It provides an internet connection through the telephone line(network). Uses
special MODEM to achieve speed
• DSL is a form of broadband communication that is always on, there is no
need to dial a phone number to connect.
• DSL connection uses a router to transport data and the speed of this
connection range between 128k to 8Mbps depending on the service offered.
• DSL service can be delivered simultaneously with wired telephone service on
the same telephone line due to high-frequency bands for data. Commonly
used in US
 Types of Broad Band Connection
Cable
• It is a form of broadband access cable modem that can provide extremely fast access to
the internet.
• The speed of this connection varies which can be different for uploading data
transmission or downloading.
• It uses a cable modem to provide an internet connection and operates over cable TV
lines.
• The speed of cable connection ranges from 512k to 20Mbps
 Types of Broad Band Connection
ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)
• it is a circuit-switched telephone network system, but it also provides access to packet-
switched networks that transmits both voice and data over a digital line.
• It provides a packet-switched connection for data in increments of 64 kilobit/s.
• ISDN connection provides better speeds and higher quality than traditional connections.
• It provided a maximum of 128kbit/s bandwidth in both upstream and downstream
directions. Commonly used in Europe. Requires ISDN adapter.
 Types of Broad Band Connection
Digital Satellite Systems(Satellite Connection)
• This type of connection is provided mainly in rural areas where a broadband connection is
not yet offered.
• It accesses the internet via a satellite that is in Earth’s orbit.
• The signal travels from a long distance that is from earth to satellite and back again which
provides a delayed connection.
• Satellite connection speeds range from 512k to 2.0Mbps.
 Types of Broad Band Connection
Wireless Connection
• wireless connection does not use telephone lines or cables to connect to the internet.
• The wireless connection uses a radio frequency band to connect to the internet.
• It is also an always-on connection and this connection can be accessed from anywhere
and speed may vary for different locations. It ranges from 5Mbps to 20Mbps.
• A web browser is a software application that lets users access and view content on the internet. It retrieves and

displays web pages, images, videos, and other files from servers.

How it works

• You type a website's URL into the browser.

• The browser sends a request to the server that stores the website's files.

• The server sends back files, usually in HTML, CSS, or JavaScript.

• The browser interprets and displays the files as a web page.

Features

• Navigation: Users can click on links or enter text to interact with websites.

• Tabs and bookmarks: Users can save pages and organize them into tabs.

• Extensions and themes: Users can personalize their browsing experience with extensions and themes.

• Private browsing: Users can browse privately.

 Cyber Ethics
• Cyber ethics are the ethical guidelines that people and organizations
should follow when using the internet. They are also known as digital
ethics or internet ethics
Principles of cyber ethics
• Privacy: Respecting the privacy of others
• Intellectual property: Respecting copyrights, licenses, and the intellectual
property of others
• Security: Using computer hardware, software, and data responsibly and
sensibly
• Online etiquette: Avoiding bullying, harassment, and stalking others online
• Digital property rights: Protecting digital assets and intellectual property.
 Internet organization
• There are many organizations that manage the internet, including the
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• A non-profit organization that develops and maintains the technical
standards for the internet
• The IETF is made up of a community of volunteers who are engineers and
researchers
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
• An international organization that manages the domain name system (DNS)
and IP addresses
• ICANN also oversees the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and
Numbers (ICANN), and the Internet Society (ISOC).
 Internet organization
Internet Society (ISOC)
• An organization that manages the Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
• The IAB supervises the technical development of the internet
IANA:
• Manages the root zone of the Domain Name System (DNS).
• Allocates IP address blocks to regional internet registries.
• Oversees the assignment of protocol parameters.
• Currently operated by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
and Numbers).
IAB:
• Oversees the IANA functions.
• Part of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
• Responsible for developing and maintaining internet standards.
• Acts as an appeal board for disputes regarding standards development.