Chandigarh School of Business, Jhanjeri

Department of Computer Application

Program Code: NA
Program Name: BCA
Course Code: UGCA1922
Course Name: DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Neyaz (Assistant Professor)

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 Outlines

• PTU Syllabus of Unit-I

• CO’s Introduction
• Topic Overview
• Brief description of what the presentation will cover
• Importance or relevance of the topic
• Summary
• References

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PTU Syllabus of Unit-I

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 CO’s Introduction
CO NUMBER TOPICS LEVEL

CO1 Illustrate various database concepts and database 1

models for relevant applications.
CO2 Apply Relational algebra and SQL queries for 2
effective database design.
CO3 Illustrate the concept of data normalization with 3
the help of real life examples.
CO4 Demonstrate transaction processing, concurrency 4
control, security mechanisms and features of
advanced database management systems.

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 Topic Overview

• Different Models in Database

• Hierarchical, Network and Relational Data Model
• ER Model

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 Brief description of what the
presentation will cover
• Different Models in database.
• Hierarchical, Network and Relational data Model.
• Advantages and disadvantages of various data models.
• Comparison between Hierarchical, Network and Relational
data Model.
• ER Model.

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 Importance or Relevance of Data
Modeling
Here are some of the major importance of data modeling:
• Organizes Data: Data modeling structures data in a logical and organized manner, making it easier to
understand and manage.
• Improves Data Quality: Data modeling helps identify and rectify inconsistencies and errors in data,
leading to better data quality.
• Ensures Data Integrity: Data modeling enforces constraints and relationships, ensuring data integrity
and preventing data anomalies.
• Supports Decision Making: Well-designed data models provide valuable insights and support
informed decision-making processes.
• Facilitates Database Design: Data modeling is a crucial step in database design, helping create
efficient and optimized database structures.
• Reduces Redundancy: Data modeling minimizes data redundancy by eliminating unnecessary
duplication of information.
• Simplifies Data Retrieval: A well-designed data model enables efficient and quick data retrieval,
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 Hierarchical Model

• The hierarchical database model organizes data into a tree-like structure, with
a single root, to which all the other data is linked.
• The hierarchy starts from the Root data, and expands like a tree, adding child nodes
to the parent nodes.
• In this model, a child node will only have a single parent node.
• This model efficiently describes many real-world relationships like the index of a
book, etc.
• IBM's Information Management System (IMS) is based on this model.
• Data is organized into a tree-like structure with a one-to-many relationship between
two different types of data, for example, one department can have many courses,
many teachers, and of course many students(like shown in the diagram below).

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Hierarchical Model Example

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 Advantages & Disadvantages of the
Hierarchical Model

Advantages of the Hierarchical Model

• Here are a few points to mark the advantages and disadvantages of the Hierarchical database
model:
• Because it has one-to-many relationships between different types of data so it is easier and fast to
fetch the data.
• But the Hierarchical model is less flexible.
• And it doesn't support many-to-many relationships
• Because of its tree form, it is easy to grasp.
• Retrieving data in a one-to-many connection is efficient.
Disadvantages of the Hierarchical Data Model
• Inflexibility in reorganizing data.
• accessing complicated data structures may be challenging.
• redundant data storage, which might cause anomalies and inconsistencies.
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 Network Model

• The Network Model is an extension of the Hierarchical model.

• In this model, data is organized more like a graph, and allowed to have more than one parent
node
• In the network database model, data is more related as more relationships are established in
this database model.
• Also, as the data is more related, hence accessing the data is also easier and fast.
• This database model uses many-to-many data relationships.
• Integrated Data Store (IDS) is based on this database model.
• This was the most widely used database model before Relational Model was introduced.
• The implementation of the Network model is complex, and it's very difficult to maintain it.
• The Network model is difficult to modify also.
• You may want to explore this if you are developing some social networking applications,
although the Graph Database model is new and is far better than the Network Database model
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 Network
Model Example

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 Advantages & Disadvantages of
the Network Model

Advantages of the Network Model

• It supports complex relationships
• It allows more flexibility

Disadvantages of the Network Model

• The structural changes to the database is very difficult.
• More Expensive than the hierarchical model.
• Complex Data Structure.

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 Relational Model in DBMS

• Relational model makes the query much easier than in hierarchical or network
database systems.
• In 1970, E.F Codd has been developed it.
• A relational database is defined as a group of independent tables which are
linked to each other using some common fields of each related table.
• This model can be represented as a table with columns and rows. Each row is
known as a tuple. Each table of the column has a name or attribute. It is well
knows in database technology because it is usually used to represent real-world
objects and the relationships between them.
• Some popular relational databases are used nowadays like Oracle, Sybase, DB2,
MySQL Server etc.
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 Relational Model in DBMS

• In this model, data is organized in two-dimensional tables and the relationship is

maintained by storing a common field.
• This model was introduced by E.F Codd in 1970, and since then it has been the most
widely used database model.
• The basic structure of data in the relational model is tables. All the information
related to a particular type is stored in rows of that table.
• Hence, tables are also known as relations in the relational model.
• You can design tables, normalize them to reduce data redundancy, and use
Structured Query language or SQL to access data from the tables.
• Some of the most popular databases are based on this database model. For
example, Oracle, MySQL, etc.

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 Relational
Model Example

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 Relational Model in DBMS

• Relation: A relation is usually represented as a table, organized into rows and

columns. A relationship consists of multiple records. For example: student relation
which contains tuples and attributes.
• Tuple: The rows of a relation that contain the values corresponding to the attributes
are called tuples. For example: in the Student relation there are 5 tuples.
• The value of tuples contains (10112, Rama, 9874567891,islam ganj, F) etc.
• Data Item: The smallest unit of data in the relation is the individual data item. It is
stored at the intersection of rows and columns are also known as cells. For
Example: 10112, "Rama" etc are data items in Student relation.

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 Relational Model in DBMS

Domain: It contains a set of atomic values that an attribute can take.

• It could be accomplish explicitly by listing all possible values or specifying conditions
that all values in that domain must be confirmed.
• For example: the domain of gender attributes is a set of data values "M" for male and
"F" for female. No database software fully supports domains typically allowing the
users to define very simple data types such as numbers, dates, characters etc.
Attribute: The smallest unit of data in relational model is an attribute.
• It contains the name of a column in a particular table. Each attribute Ai must have a
domain, dom(Ai).
• For example: Stu_No, S_Name, PHONE_NO, ADDRESS, Gender are the attributes of a
student relation. In relational databases a column entry in any row is a single value that
contains exactly one item only.
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 Relational Model in DBMS

• Cardinality: The total number of rows at a time in a relation is called the cardinality of that relation.
For example: In a student relation, the total number of tuples in this relation is3 so the cardinality
of a relation is 3. The cardinality of a relation changes with time as more and more tuples get added
or deleted.
• Degree: The degree of association is called the total number of attributes in a relationship. The
relation with one attribute is called unary relation, with two attributes is known a binary relation
and with three attributes is known as ternary relation.
For example: in the Student relation, the total number of attributes is 5, so the degree of the
relations is 5. The degree of a relation does not change with time as tuples get added or deleted.
• Relational instance: In the relational database system, the relational instance is represented by a
finite set of tuples. Relation instances do not have duplicate tuples.
• Relational schema: A relational schema contains the name of the relation and name of all columns
or attributes.
• Relational key: In the relational key, each row has one or more attributes. It can identify the row in
the relation uniquely
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 Entity-relationship Model

• In this database model, relationships are created by dividing objects of interest into entities
and their characteristics into attributes.
• Different entities are related using relationships.
• ER Models are defined to represent the relationships in pictorial form to make it easier for
different stakeholders to understand.
• This model is good to design a database, which can then be turned into tables in a relational
model (explained below).
• Let's take an example, If we have to design a School Database, then the Student will be
an entity with attributes name, age, address, etc. As an Address is generally complex, it can
be another entity with attributes street, pincode, city, etc, and there will be a relationship
between them.
• Relationships can also be of different types. You can learn about ER Diagrams in detail if you
want to learn about entities and relationships.
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 Entity-relationship Model

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 Advantages of the ER Model

Advantages of the ER Model

• It is easy to understand and design.
• Using the ER model we can represent data structures easily.
• As the ER model cannot be directly implemented into a database model,
it is just a step toward designing the relational database model.

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 Difference Between Hierarchical, Network and Relational Data Model

Hierarchical Data Model Network Data Model Relational Data Model

In this model, to store data It organizes records to one It organizes records in the form of
hierarchy method is used. It is another through links or table and relationship between
the oldest method and not in
pointers. tables are set using common fields.
use today.

To organize records, it uses It organizes records in the form It organizes records in the form of
tree structure. of directed graphs. tables.

In addition to 1:1 and 1:n it also In addition to 1:1 and 1:n it also
It implements 1:1 and 1:n
implements many to many implements many to many
relations.
relationships. relationships.

Pointers are used to establish A linked list is used to establish a The logical representation is used
relationships among records relationship among records with rows and columns to depict
physically. physically. relationship among records.

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 Difference Between Hierarchical,
Network and Relational Data
Model
Hierarchical Data Model Network Data Model Relational Data Model

Insertion anomaly exits in this

model i.e. child node cannot be There is no insertion anomaly. There is no insertion anomaly.
inserted without the parent node.

Deletion anomaly exists in this

model i.e. it is difficult to delete the There is no deletion anomaly. There is no deletion anomaly.
parent node.

Update leads to inconsistency Updating a record is easy and

problems because of the existence No such problem as only one simple with the process of
of multiple instances of a child instance of records exist. normalization, the redundant data
record. gets removed.

This model lacks data There is partial data independence This model provides data
independence. in thisDepartment
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 Difference Between Hierarchical,
Network and Relational Data
Model
Hierarchical Data Model Network Data Model Relational Data Model

It is used to access the data which It is used to access the data which It is used to access the data which
is complex and asymmetric. is complex and symmetric. is complex and symmetric.

Difficult to design a database and It is easy to comprehend due to

Difficult to design a database manipulate a database because of concealed physical level details
because of its complexity. its complexity. Hence, it imposes a from end-users.
burden on the programmer.

It is flexible as compared to the It is flexible as compared to the

It is less flexible. hierarchical model. hierarchical model.

VAX-DBMS, DMS-1100 of UNIVAC It is mostly used in real world

&XML and XAML use this model. and SUPRADBMS’s use this model. applications. Oracle, SQL.

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 Summary

• The hierarchical database model organizes data into a tree-like

structure, with a single root, to which all the other data is linked.
• In network model, data is organized more like a graph, and allowed
to have more than one parent node.
• A relational database is defined as a group of independent tables
which are linked to each other using some common fields of each
related table.
• ER Models are defined to represent the relationships in pictorial
form to make it easier for different stakeholders to understand.
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 References

Books References
• Database System Concepts by Abraham Silberschatz, Henry Korth, and S. Sudarshan
(7th Edition)
E-book link
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-hierarchical-network-and-
relational-data-model/
• https://www.studytonight.com/dbms/database-model.php
YouTube link
• https://youtu.be/6Iu45VZGQDk?si=jezs0C8I30dZwlyR
Web link
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-models-in-dbms/
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THANK YOU

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