Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition

Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.;

and Bruce E. Bursten

Chapter 1
Introduction:
Matter and Measurement
L1-L3
John D. Bookstaver
St. Charles Community College
Matter
St. Peters, MO And
Measurement
 2006, Prentice Hall
Chemistry:

The study of matter

and the changes it
undergoes.

The 3 states of matter and

Physical changes they
Undergo-notice packing, density
And compressibility. What is not matter
Light , sound waves, energy

Matter
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Measurement
 Matter:

Anything that has

mass and takes up
space.

Can light, energy, or sound be classified as matter?

Matter
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 Matter

• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.

• Each element is made of the same kind of atom. same no. p,e,

• A compound is made of two or more different kinds of

elements. Matter
(Compare O2 as an element to CO2 as a compound)

And
Measurement
 States of Matter

Questions regarding compressibility, low density of gas,

constant shape, and volume

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Q.4 Which one of the following has the lowest density
A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gas

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AACC
Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

H2O

Matter
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H2O + NaCl Measurement
Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

NaCl

H2O + NaCl
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Br2 H2O = H2 + ½ O2
Mixtures and Compounds

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 Summary Lecture 1
Matter: anything made up of electrons, protons, neutrons
Except: light, energy (sound energy, kinetic, chemical, etc.)

• Gases: Compressible, no fixed volume (fills volume of container),

No fixed shape (takes shape of container), least density
• Liquids: Non-compressible, fixed volume (300 mL water stays 300 mL),
No fixed shape (takes shape of container), medium density
• Solids: Non-compressible, fixed volume, highest density
Fixed shape

Classification of matter: Heterogeneous mixture (Water + sand) vs Homogeneous

Homogeneous matter can be:
Homogeneous mixture like NaCl in H2O (solution)
Or pure substance (H2O, Carbon)
Matter
Pure substance can be compound (H2O) or element (Carbon)And
Measurement
 Matter
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AABA
Properties and
Changes of
Matter
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 Properties of Matter

• Physical Properties:
□ Can be observed/measured without changing a
substance into another substance.
• Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.
• Chemical Properties:
□ Can only be observed when a substance is
changed into another substance.
• Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with acid,
• Combustion, rust, tarnish
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 Properties of Matter

• Intensive Properties:
□ Independent of the amount of the
substance that is present.
• Boiling point (Temperature) (H2O), Color,
Density, (BCD).
• Extensive Properties:
□ Dependent upon the amount of the
substance present.
• Energy, Mass, Volume, (EMV).
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 Changes of Matter
• Physical Changes:
□ Changes in matter that do not change the
composition of a substance.
• Changes of state, temperature, volume,
crushing, dissolving, cutting, breaking glass,
melting, freezing, evaporation, compressing,
crushing ice, water turning to steam.
• Chemical Changes:
□ Changes that result in new substances.
• Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.
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 Matter
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DCAA
 Matter
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ACD
Separation of
Mixtures
3 methods
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Distillation:

Separates
homogeneous
mixture on the basis
of differences in
boiling point.

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Filtration:

Separates
heterogeneous
mixtures/ solid
substances from
liquids and solutions.

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 Chromatography:
Separates substances on the basis of
differences in solubility in a solvent.

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 Matter
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CB
 Units of
Measurement
Measurement =Number + Unit

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 SI Units

• 7 SI Units (LLMTTEA)
• Système International d’Unités
• Uses a different base unit for each quantity
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 Metric System
The metric system is a system of measurement that uses the meter, liter,
and gram as base units of length (distance), capacity (volume), and weight
(mass) respectively. To measure smaller or larger quantities, we use
prefixes derived from the metric units

Prefixes convert the base units into units that

are appropriate for the item being measured.

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 Volume

• The most commonly

used metric units for
volume are the liter (L)
and the milliliter (mL).
• A milliliter is a cube 1
cm long on each side.
• A liter is a cube 1 dm
long on each side.
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 Matter
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DAA
 Matter
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ACA
Temperature

• The Kelvin is the SI

unit of temperature.
• K = C + 273.15

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Temperature

• The Fahrenheit scale

is not used in
scientific
measurements.
 F = 9/5(C) + 32
 C = 5/9(F − 32)
• K = 5/9(F) + 255.372

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 Matter
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BAC
 Density:

Physical property of a substance

m
d=
V
Mass in g
Volume in mL or cm3
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 Matter
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CBAB
 Matter
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CBABD
Uncertainty in Measurements
Different measuring devices have different
uses and different degrees of accuracy.

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Uncertainty in
Measurement
Measurement=certain + uncertain
digits last digit
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 Significant Figures

• The term significant figures refers to

digits that were measured.
• When rounding calculated numbers, we
pay attention to significant figures so we
do not overstate the accuracy of our
answers.

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 Significant Figures
1. All nonzero digits are significant. (sig figs in red)
423.444
2. Zeroes between two significant figures are
themselves significant.
42,300045 42,340.0025
3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never
significant.
00042345.0 0.00048
4. Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if
a decimal point is written in the number.
423,000.00 or: 4230001.000

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 Significant Figures

• When addition or subtraction is

performed, answers are rounded to the
least significant decimal place.
• When multiplication or division is
performed, answers are rounded to the
number of digits that corresponds to the
least number of significant figures in any
of the numbers used in the calculation.
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Significant Figures

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 Matter
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BB
 Matter
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BAB
 Accuracy versus Precision

• Accuracy refers to the proximity of

a measurement to the true value
of a quantity.
• Precision refers to the proximity of
several measurements to each
other.

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 Dimensional analysis
What do virtually all problems in
chemistry have in common?

Dimensional analysis
Convert centimeters to feet: 1 cm = ? feet
Know: 2.54 cm = 1 in, 12 in = 1 foot.

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 Matter
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CABA