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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol that dynamically assigns IP addresses, subnet masks, and default gateway configurations to connected hosts, minimizing manual configuration efforts. It operates by broadcasting requests and offers between clients and servers, allowing for efficient IP address management within limited network capacities. While DHCP offers advantages like reduced administrative burden and automatic address assignment, it also has drawbacks such as reliance on an insecure protocol and the need for a continuously running server.

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3 views

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol that dynamically assigns IP addresses, subnet masks, and default gateway configurations to connected hosts, minimizing manual configuration efforts. It operates by broadcasting requests and offers between clients and servers, allowing for efficient IP address management within limited network capacities. While DHCP offers advantages like reduced administrative burden and automatic address assignment, it also has drawbacks such as reliance on an insecure protocol and the need for a continuously running server.

Uploaded by

fityanul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dynamic Host

Configuration
Protocol (DHCP)
DHCP Definition

The network capacity usually is limited and controlled by subnet


masking configurations.

No of machines to be
Class of network Network addresses
connected

254 or less C 92.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0


255 to 65,534 B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.0.0
65,535 to 16,777,214 A 10.0.0.0
10/03/2025 2
DHCP Definition
In this example,
 if your network is within class A subnet mask, you can connect 65534 -16
millions devices
 if your network is within class B subnet mask, you can connect 255- 65,534
devices.
 if your network is within class C subnet mask, you can connect no more than
255 devices.
Usually, the small networks follows Class C configurations.
UTAR follows the class B

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DHCP Definition

Within this limited network capacity, Assigning IP address statically


to users is a waste.
Sometimes, I need the IP address for shorter time e.g.: during my office
hours or during drinking my coffee in Starbucks.
Therefore, the best option in such situation is to assign the IP
addresses among the users dynamically and on-demand.
DHCP is the responsible technique to do the dynamic assignment.

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DHCP
Let DHCP Definition
gives you
a dynamic
IP address
Rather
than Set it
up by
urself.

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DHCP Definition
DHCP is a client/server protocol that:
 automatically and dynamically provides the connected hosts with : IP
addresses, subnet mask and default gateway configurations.
DHCP Server is the server that control the DHCP process.
DHCP is based on Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP)
( RFCs 2131 and 2132)
Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) automatically assign an IP address to network
devices from a configuration server.

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DHCP vs. BOOTP
BOOTP
- Static IP
assignment
- Less
parameters DHCP
- Longer - Dynamic IP
process assignment
- More
parameters
- Fast process

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DHCP vs. BOOTP
Both protocols configure the same basic parameters:
 IP address
 net mask
 the address of a default router
 the address of a name server.
However,
 BOOTP is static: the clients are unable to
rebind/renew the configurations except when the
system restarts
 DHCP support additional parameters like flags to check
the status of client.
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DHCP vs. BOOTP
However, (cont’d)
 DHCP performs the configuration is a single phase
 Request offer Assign IP directly
 BOOTP performs the configuration in two phases
(longer time) Phase 2

Phase 1

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How does DHCP work?

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How does DHCP work?
DHCP Client

DCHP DISCOVER 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server

The client broadcast a


DHCPDISCOVER
Sent to 255.255.255.255

request to all the available


servers within the network
DHCP Server

DHCP Client
DCHP OFFER 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCPOFFER DHCP Server

The servers send back DHCPOFFER

their offers to the client


within the network
DHCP Server

11
How does DHCP work?
DHCP Client
DCHP REQUEST 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server

The client sends a


DHCPREQUEST

request to a particular
DHCPACK

server to accept using


this server’s DHCP Server
configuration.
Hi serverX, Do you
agree to use your
DHCP Client
configuration ? 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server
DHCPREQUEST

DCHP ACK
DHCPACK

The servers reply to


that
Atclient
this an
time, the DHCP client DHCP Server

acknowledgement
can start to use“Ithe IP 12

agree to use my
DHCP Renewal Operation
DHCP Client
DCHP REQUEST 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server

The client sends a


DHCPREQUEST

request before the


DHCPACK

leasing period expired


for renewal DHCP Server

DHCP Client
00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server
DHCPREQUEST

DCHP ACK DHCPACK

The servers reply to


that client an
The client can now
acknowledgement to update DHCP Server

his/her
approve theTCP/IP configuration
renewal. 13
DHCP Release Operation

 Renewal Request should be sent when 50%


of lease has expired;
if DHCP server sends DHCPNACK, then
address is released.
DHCP Client
DCHP RELEASE 00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server

The client sends a


DHCPRELEASE

release request to free


up the IP address
DHCP Server

At this time, the DHCP client


has released the IP address 14
DHCP
Message
Messages Types
Function

DHCPDISCOVER Broadcast by a client to find available DHCP servers.


DHCPOFFER DHCP server’s Response offering IP address.
DHCPREQUEST Client’s message to request parameters from server, verify
previously allocated address, request extension.
DHCPDECLINE Client’s message informing the server that the offered address
is already in use.
DHCPACK Server’s Acknowledgement with IP and other parameters
DHCPNAK Negative Server’s Acknowledgement indicating that the client's
lease has expired or that a requested IP address is incorrect.
DHCPRELEASE Message from client to server canceling remainder of a lease
and relinquishing network address.
DHCPINFORM Message from a client that already has an IP address (manually
configured for example), requesting further configuration
parameters from the DHCP server.

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DHCP Message Format
Hardware Address
OpCode Hardware Type Hop Count
Length
Unused (in BOOTP)
Number of Seconds
Flags (in DHCP)
Transaction ID

Client IP address

Your IP address

Server IP address

Gateway IP address

Client hardware address (16 bytes)

Server host name (64 bytes)

Boot file name (128 bytes)

Options
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DHCP Pros

DHCP minimizes the administrative burden for manual Assignment.


IP reusability and Mobility support.
There is no chance to conflict IP address
DHCP servers are easy to administer and can be set-up in just a few
minutes
Client addresses are assigned automatically
By using DHCP relay agent, DHCP server can provide IP address to
another network

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DHCP Cons

Uses UDP, which is an unreliable and insecure protocol.


Some machines on the network need to be at fixed addresses, for
example servers and routers
You need to be able to assign a machine to run the DHCP server
continually as it must be available at all times when clients need IP
access.

18
Thank
you
10/03/2025 19

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