Forensic

science

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Surveillance photography- It is also referred to as clandestine
photography. It is the process of photographing in secrecy of a
Q- Through the use of a telescopic

PHOTOGRAPHY- Q & A
person, object, activity or location. WHAT ARE THE PURPOSES?
SAMMY B. ESTOQUE RCrim

There are many reasons for clandestine photography:

lens 1.2. on a camera, police captain
documenting criminal activity,
accumulating identification photographs of criminals and terrorists

Renato3.
Hipolito takes photos of the
and their associates,
gathering intelligence for military purposes,

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suspected
4.
drug dealers stealthily. In
documenting fraudulent insurance disability claims, and filming an
unfaithful spouse.

light of this, he is doing _____.

Crime scene photography- It is a branch of photography which is
focused on taking accurate photographs of crime scenes and
criminal evidence, so that these photographs can be used in the
A. surveillance photography
investigation of crimes and in the prosecution of criminal activity.
Firearms identification photography – It usually involves
B. crime scene photography
photomicrography which involves photography of striations in the
bullet comparison microscope for purposes of enlargement to
C. firearms identification photography
appreciate the minute striations.
Questioned document photography – It is a special form of
D. questioned document photography
photography combined with ultraviolet and infrared light to detect
erasures, alternations, and obliteration that are hard to detect with
naked eyes. Imaging instruments such as Video Spectral
Comparator (VSC) use radiations of varying wavelengths to
disclose writing in a different ink.
What I like about photographs is that they capture a
moment that’s gone forever, impossible to reproduce- Karl
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Autopsic photography- It is the process of
Q- James D. Gwapo,
taking photographs a patrolman,
of a cadaver.

PHOTOGRAPHY- Q & A
SAMMY B. ESTOQUE RCrim

detainedMug shot photography-

a suspect It is a process
and transported him to of
taking photograph of suspect that is usually
the nearest
use forpolice station
personal for the which
identification necessary
is the
documentation procedure.in police
first use of photography He work.
captured
A mug

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images ofshottheor mugshot
alleged (an informal term
perpetrator for police
during the
photograph or booking photograph).
documentation process. He engaged in what
Post-mortem photography- It is also
kind of photography?
known as memorial portraiture or a mourning
A. Autopsic
portrait. photography
It is the practice of photographing
the recently deceased which is usually
B. Mug shot photography
practice in the part of Europe and America.
C. Postmortem
Crime scene photography
photography - Taking
D. Crime scene photography
photographs at the crime scene to preserve
physical evidence.
What I like about photographs is that they capture a
moment that’s gone forever, impossible to reproduce- Karl
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X-ray photography- It is the process of
Q- If the victim of a specific incident

PHOTOGRAPHY- Q & A
photographing or recording internal structure
SAMMY B. ESTOQUE RCrim

believes that they have broken bones

of the body.
Infrared photography- It is the art or
and wants to bring a case against the
process of photographing or recording unseen
objects by means of infra-red light. It is also

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suspect, it is possible to determine and
utilized to examine charred documents,
document whether or not the defendant
overwritten and in detection of gunpowder.
Ultra-violet photography- The art or
has broken bones using ____.
process of photographing or recording unseen
objects by means of ultra-violet light or filters.
A. x-ray photography
It involves two methods. The use of ultra-
B. infrared photography
violet filter and the use of ultra-violet lamp.
Some elements of an object will reflect or
C. ultra-violet photography
absorb ultra-violet differently.
Crime scene photography- Taking
D. crime scene photography
photographs of the crime scene and physical
evidence for the preservation purposes.
What I like about photographs is that they capture a
moment that’s gone forever, impossible to reproduce- Karl
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Crime scene photography- It is a subset of
Q- Police Corporal Renato Hipolito is

PHOTOGRAPHY- Q & A
photography that focuses on taking accurate
SAMMY B. ESTOQUE RCrim

photographs of crime scenes and criminal evidence

assigned to the PNP Forensic Group,
for use in criminal investigations and prosecutions.
and in order to preserve the evidence,
Professional crime scene photographers with
special training in forensics and photography are

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he frequently takes pictures of the crime
employed some police departments and law
enforcement agencies, while others rely on officers
scene. This implies that he usually does
who can take photographs in addition to
_____. investigating.
Microphotography- Taking of very small
A. Microphotography
photograph as encountered in microfilming or with
use of micro film.
B. X-ray photography
X-ray photography- The process of
C. Ultra violet Photography
photographing or recording internal structure of the
body through the use of x-ray light.
D. Crime scene photography
Ultra violet Photography- The art or process of
photographing or recording unseen objects by
Whatmeans
I like of
about photographs
ultra-violet is that they capture a
light or filters
moment that’s gone forever, impossible to reproduce- Karl
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Fill-in flash- It is used to be sure that you are
Q- What are basically all the self-
getting enough light in the scene. Fill-in flash is used

PHOTOGRAPHY- Q & A
SAMMY B. ESTOQUE RCrim

in photography when you need to balance the

contained flash units that are controlled
exposure between a subject and a bright
background. It provides extra light to fill in shadows
by external triggers and can be placed
and reduce contrast, ensuring the subject is well-lit.
Bounce flash- Bounce flash is a photography

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at various locations when taking a
technique where the flash is aimed at a reflective
surface (such as a ceiling, wall, or reflector) instead
photograph? of directly at the subject. This creates a softer, more
diffused light, reducing harsh shadows and creating
A. Fill-in flash
a more natural look.

B. Bounce flash
Studio strobes- These are commonly used in
studios and work really well overall, too, without any
C. Studio strobes
issues that might otherwise become a part of the
problem.
D. Slave flash unit
Slave flash unit- These are basically all the self-
contained flash units that are controlled by external
triggers and can be placed at various locations when
taking a picture.
What I like about photographs is that they capture a
moment that’s gone forever, impossible to reproduce- Karl
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Q- What term describes the gap
Focal point –It refers to the central or principal

PHOTOGRAPHY- Q & A
point of focus.
SAMMY B. ESTOQUE RCrim

between Focala length-

lens's Thefocal
mostpoint and the
fundamental film
definition
plane of when the lens is focused
a camera lens is its focal length, which is
typically expressed in millimeters (mm). It is
at

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infinity?
calculated as an optical distance from the focal
A. focalplane point
of the camera's digital sensor or 35mm
film, where light rays converge to make a sharp
B. focalimagelength
of an object, rather than as the lens'
C. hyperfocal
physical length.point
Hyperfocal point – When the lens is focused
D. hyperfocal
on infinity, thedistance
nearest point to the camera that
is considered acceptably sharp is considered
hyperfocal point.
Hyperfocal distance – Technically it is a
distance between the camera and the
What I like about photographs is that they capture a
hyperfocal
moment point.
that’s gone forever, impossible to reproduce- Karl
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Lens – It focuses the light coming from the
Q- What is the component of a

PHOTOGRAPHY- Q & A
subject. It is chiefly responsible for the
SAMMY B. ESTOQUE RCrim

sharpness of the image formed through which

camera that permits light to pass
light passes during the exposure. A disc of
through the lens and strike the film for a
transparent glass generally bounded by two
special surfaces capable of forming image.

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certain amount of time before blocking
Shutter- It is the part of camera that opens to
uncover the film to make an exposure for an
the light again?
accurately time intervals then close
A. Lens automatically.
Aperture –It refers to the opening you see in
B. Shutterthe lens. An opening in a camera usually
circular in shape and usually variables in form
C. Aperture
iris of diaphragm that regulates the intensity of
D. View-finder
light which passes through the lens.
View-finder –It is the part of camera which is
used in determining the field of view of the
camera of the extent of the coverage of the
What I lens.
like about photographs is that they capture a
moment that’s gone forever, impossible to reproduce- Karl
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Q-Exposure is controlled by the ____.

PHOTOGRAPHY- Q & A
SAMMY B. ESTOQUE RCrim

A. lens aperture
B. flash unit of the camera

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C. shutter speed of the camera
D. shutter speed and the lens aperture

What I like about photographs is that they capture a

moment that’s gone forever, impossible to reproduce- Karl
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Q-If a combination of f-16 at 1/30th of a

PHOTOGRAPHY- Q & A
SAMMY B. ESTOQUE RCrim

second yields the correct exposure

what effect will be seen by increasing

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the aperture to f-8?
A. Nothing
B. Overexposure
C. Underexposure
D. Reduced film speed

What I like about photographs is that they capture a

moment that’s gone forever, impossible to reproduce- Karl
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Q-If you were a photographer in a rape

PHOTOGRAPHY- Q & A
SAMMY B. ESTOQUE RCrim

case, what object should be placed

beside small pieces of evidence, to

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ensure accurate documentation and
provide scale for later analysis?
A. Ruler
B. Markings
C. Caution line
D. Evidence tag

What I like about photographs is that they capture a

moment that’s gone forever, impossible to reproduce- Karl
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PHOTOGRAPHY- Q & A
Q-In black-and-white photography,
SAMMY B. ESTOQUE RCrim

D-76 is a widely used film developer.

Dektol is a standard paper developer
which chemical is commonly
that enhances used
contrast and bringsas
out a
developer details
for photographic paper?
in black-and-white prints.

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Universal-While some "universal"
A. D-76 developers exist, the term is too vague
B. Dektoland not specifically associated with
black-and-white paper development.
C. Universal
Silver halides –These are light-
sensitive compounds in photographic
D. Silverpaper
halides;they react to light exposure
during the image formation process.

What I like about photographs is that they capture a

moment that’s gone forever, impossible to reproduce- Karl
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Q-What kind of lens does Sam need in

PHOTOGRAPHY- Q & A
SAMMY B. ESTOQUE RCrim

order to have a close-up shot of a

fingerprint found at the scene?

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A. Zoom Lens
B. Macro Lens
C. Normal Lens
D. Telephoto Lens

What I like about photographs is that they capture a

moment that’s gone forever, impossible to reproduce- Karl
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FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
Q- If photograph is taken at
The three types of “range”
approximately less than 5 feet then the
photographs
Long range
type of photograph
Basic
is _____.
 Taken to portray the areas as of
Requirements if a person
a
A. Close-up standing
viewing
Photograph to be Admissible the
the scene
position.
is seeing it from
The photographer
as Evidence in Court
B. Mid-range takes the photograph
eye level.
1.Accuratewith the camera at
representations
C. Long range Mid-range
2.Free of distortion
 Portrays the scene from approximately
D. Aerial range 3.Material
10 - 20 feet from subject
relevant matter.
and
Close-up
4.Unbiased
 Approximately 5 feet or less from the
subject matter.

FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
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Q-Which statement best describes

PHOTOGRAPHY- Q & A
SAMMY B. ESTOQUE RCrim

wavelength?
Wavelength- It refers to the distance
A. It refers between
to a radiant electromagnetic
of the crest to the wave of
energy the next succeeding crest.

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B. It is an energy
Light- which travels
It refers to faster than
a radiant
electromagnetic energy
the sound Light- It is an energy which travels
C. It refersfaster
to the
than number
the sound-of thiswaves
also
passing in a given pointlight
describes in one second.
Frequency- It refers to the number of
D. it refers to the distance between of the
waves passing in a given point in one
crest to the wavesecond-ofthisthe next succeeding
describes
crest.
What I like about photographs is that they capture a
moment that’s gone forever, impossible to reproduce- Karl
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Coma –It is sometimes known as lateral
Q- What is the term used in

PHOTOGRAPHY- Q & A
spherical aberration. It concerns with rays
SAMMY B. ESTOQUE RCrim

photography to lens
entering the describe
obliquely. the lens's
inability Astigmatism
to – It refers of the lens to focus
concentrate all the colors in
lines running in different direction like for

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one area? example a cross.
Chromatic Aberration- The failure of
A. Coma different colored light rays to focus after
B. Astigmatism
passing through a lens, focusing of light of
different colors at different points resulting
C. Chromatic aberration
in a blurred image. The image is surrounded
D. Chromatic difference
by colored fringes because by
light of different
colors is brought to different focal points by
magnification
a lens.
Chromatic difference by magnification –
It is the inability of the lens to produce
What I like about photographs is that they capture a
image sizes of objects with different colors.
moment that’s gone forever, impossible to reproduce- Karl
 Q- The recording of pulse, heart, breathing, and skin
resistance while answering yes or no is done through
the use of _____.
A. Polygraph
B. Cardiograph
C. Galvanograph
D. Pneumograph

03/10/2025 17
 Q-During a polygraph examination, Mr. X is
suspected of withholding critical information. The
examiner closely monitors the data recorded by
different components of the polygraph machine.
Which part of the polygraph instrument specifically
records Mr. X’s heartbeat and pulse rate??
A. Kymograph Pulls chart for simultaneous recording
B. Galvanograph Records the galvanic skin resistance
C. Pneumograph Records respiration pattern
D. Cardiosphygmograph Records heart beat and pulse rate

03/10/2025 18
 Test data analysis

Three possible outcomes exist when

Q-What is the interpretation of the polygraph
conducting a polygraph evaluation.test
LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES-SS2K

result if it fails
1. to meet
If the PDDeither the thresholddetection
(psychophysiological criteriaof
deception) results indicate no deception, the
for NDI/NSR or DI/SR
result ? will show No Deception Indicated
A. Incomplete (NDI) or No Significant Response (NSR).
2. If the PDD results indicate deception, the result
B. Inconclusive will show Deception Indicated (DI) or Significant
C. Indication 3.ofResponse
deception (SR).
If PDD results fail to meet either the threshold
D. Non-indication of deception
criteria for NDI/NSR or DI/SR then an
Inconclusive (INC) results. Obviously, an
inconclusive result yields an inaccurate
outcome.

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 7 POSITION SCORING
Q- What is the -3=STRONGLY
usual numerical DECEPTIVE
scoring utilized by
LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES-SS2K

examiners? -2= DECEPTIVE

A. Rank order scoring
-1= SOMEWHAT DECEPTIVE
B. 7-position Numerical Scale
0 = NEUTRAL
C. 3-position numerical Scale
+ 1= SOMEWHAT
D. 1-position numerical Scale TRUTHFUL
+ 2= TRUTHFUL
+ 3= STRONGLY TRUTHFUL

03/10/2025 20
 CHART MARKING- To facilitate evaluation and
Q-How will youinterpretation
start a chart marking in a polygraph
LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES-SS2K

of test charts, markings are made

examination? with the use of signs and symbols to enable the
examiner to determine whether the subject is guilt
A. A or M or not.
B. X.50/2.5
C. X/60/1.5A
D. XX/60/1.5A

03/10/2025 21
 Q- What segment within a tracing departs from the
FOUR KINDS OF POLYGRAPH TRACING SEGMENT
1. Average Tracing Segment- a segment within a tracing that
average emotional level but lacks physiological
shows no physiological evidence in the emotional level
within the stress area on the polygraph chart or polygrams.
evidence of 2.either
Reaction sympathetic
Tracing Segment- or parasympathetic
a segment within a tracing that
LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES-SS2K

shows physiological evidence that the sympathetic

activation within the ofstress
subdivision area nervous
the autonomic on the polygraph
system has become
active following the stress area on the polygraph chart,
chart, indicating a lack
indicating of psychological
a psychological origin?
return to the subject’s exhibited
average emotional level.
A. Relief 3.Tracing Segment
Relief Tracing Segment- a segment within the tracing that

B. Averageshows physiological evidence that the parasympathetic

subdivision ofSegment
Tracing the autonomic nervous system has become

C. ReactionactiveTracing
indicating a Segment
following the stress area on the polygraph chart,
physiological return to the subjects
D. Distortion Tracing Segment
exhibited average emotional level.
4. Distortion Tracing Segment- a segment within a tracing
that departs from the average emotional level but lacks
physiological evidence of either sympathetic or
parasympathetic activation within the stress area on the
polygraph chart, indicating a lack in psychological origin

03/10/2025 22
 Chart probing- It refers to the process of showing
Q-What is thethe process
Polygramoftoshowing theandpolygram
the subject tobrief
providing a
explanation on the dissimilarities or responses with
the subject and providingof adetermining
the objective brief explanation
the true of the of
cause
LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES-SS2K

dissimilarities recorded
or responses
responseswith
and totheclarify
objective ofor
confusion
misunderstanding that might have been caused by
determining the true cause of recorded responses
vague questions.
and clarifyingCardio
any confusion or misunderstanding
Tracing- Tracing recorded by the
cardiograph component of the Polygraph
that might have been
instrument.
caused by a vague response?
A. Chart probing
Pneumo Tracing- Tracing recorded by the
B. Cardio Tracing
pneumograph component of the Polygraph
instrument.
C. PneumoChart tracing
interpretation- It refers to the process of
D. Chart interpretation
reading and deciphering the meaning of graphical
responses of the subject based on the chart
tracings.

03/10/2025 23
 Q- If the breathing of the subject
becomes shallow then the
tracing shows ______.
A. narrow distance
Fast
Deep
Slow
B. bigger amplitude
Shallow C. broader distance
D. smaller amplitude

03/10/2025 24
 Q- What is the force or motion reaching the
organism from the environment and excites
the preceptors?
A. Stimulus
B. Questions
C. Response Glandular process

D. Reaction Mental process

03/10/2025 25
 Q- Where is cardiosphymograph located in the chart
paper?
A. Center
B. Bottom
C. Tipper most
D. Upper most

03/10/2025 26
 Q-Mr. X is being interrogated regarding a fraudulent
Direct Denial- This is the
transaction. Despite overwhelming directevidence,
denial heof refuses
the actto in
admit any wrongdoing. He appears highly that
question concerned aboutan
creates
how others perceive him, fearingemotional
that confessing sense
will damage of
his reputation and self-image. disturbance
His refusal to tell the truth
Occupational
stems from the belief that admitting Liars-
guilt will only worsenThis
theare
situation. What type of liar does practical liars and lies when it
Mr. X represent?
has a higher “pay-off” than
A. Direct Denial
telling the truth
B. Egotistical Liar Tournament Liars –These
C. Tournament Liars refers to any person who love
D. Occupational Liars to lie and are excited by the
challenge of not being
detected.

03/10/2025 27
 Ethnological Liars- It refers to
people who lie because they were
Q- What type of liar have taught
no conscience and shows
not to be squealer (squeal-
no regret for dishonesty toandcry no
or tomanifestation
shrill voice- usedofby
underworld gang in order for their
guilt? member not to reveal any secret
A. Black Liars of their organization).
B. Ethnological Liars Pathological Liars – It pertains
to those who lie because they
C. Pathological Liars cannot distinguish right from
D. Psychopathic Liars wrong due to their sick mind. They
are insane.
Black Liars – Those persons who
always pretend what they are and
what they think.

03/10/2025 28
 Diastolic blood pressure –
It is the downward blood
Q- During a polygraph examination, pressureMr. X is beingthe
representing
tested for truthfulness. As the examiner observes
low pressure the of
to the closing
the valves and heart relaxed.
cardiovascular tracing, he notices Systolic a downward
Blood pressure –
movement in the blood pressure Thereading,
top numberindicating
(systolic
pressure) measures the
the heart is in a relaxed state with the valves
pressure closing.
in the arteries when
What does this downward bloodyour pressure
heart movement
beats. In the
polygraph chart it is the
represent? upward movement of the pen
A. Systolic pressure when the heart pump.
Specific response- It refers to
B. Specific response the response given by the subject
C. Diastolic pressure which considered a deviation from
the normal tracing or norms of the
D. Pulse rate of subject subject

03/10/2025 29
 Secondary Relevant (Weak Relevant) –A
Q- Which question addresses the primary issue or
type of question that deals with the physical
direct involvement
acts of thesupport
that subjectthein primary
the matter under
issue. This is
question and isusually
used use
primarily with the
in multi-issue single-issue
examination.
LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES-SS2K

Guilty Knowledge-A type of question

examination? which is designed to probe whether the
A. Guilty Knowledge
subject possesses information regarding the
identity of the offender or the facts of the
B. Primary Relevant
case under question.
C. Evidence Evidence
ConnectingConnecting
Question Question- test
D. Secondary Relevant
question in or Weak
which Relevant
the examinee is asked
about a particular piece of physical evidence
that would incriminate the guilty person. It
could be items left at the crime scene by the
perpetrator or stolen property.

03/10/2025 30
 Q- Which refers to a comparison
Inclusive- A comparison question in which
question which
the examineeincludeis instructed
the relevant by time
the examiner
period underto
answer theinvestigation.
questions Also termed as “inclusionary”.
untruthfully, and some
LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES-SS2K

Exclusive- A comparison question separated

examiners inactually get and
time, place admission
category to
fromcomparison
the relevant
question.
questions and then Itinstruct
was introduced by Cleve Backster.
the examinee to lie to
Probable Lie Comparison Question (PLC) -
that question
A when it is to
question asked?
which it is likely that the
A. Inclusive
examinee is untruthful with his answer. PLC
questions are broad in scope and usually based
B. Exclusive
on actions categorically similar to that of the
C. Directissue
Lie Comparison Question
under investigation.
D. Probable Lie Comparison Question

03/10/2025 31
 Q- During the examination, the examiner asked the
subject, Are youBefore reaching
the one the age
who actually tookof the
20
have
missing money from you Dalisay?
Cardo ever stolen
is ananything?
example of-
LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES-SS2K

Example of Control question.

what questions were asked?
Is your first name Miguel?
A. Control Example of Irrelevant
B. Irrelevant question.
C. Weak Relevant
Between 9:30am to 10:30am on
D. January 1, 2021, did you open the
Strong Relevant
table drawer of Mr. Chito Reyes?
Example of Weak Relevant
question.

03/10/2025 32
 YES test - The test is conducted by instructing the
Q- What is the polygraph In
subject to say “YES” Zone Comparison
to all
technique questions toTest
most be the
commonly asked,
including those pertaining to the matter under
used for polygraph redControl
interrogation
investigation. The andconcerning
green
questions zones are
a single
are however
LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES-SS2K

issue and used

eliminated.
especially compared
in criminal to focus the
investigations?
Guilt Complex Test - If the respond on the previous
A. Yes Testtest is doubtful,examinee’s attention toon
it becomes necessary a
conduct
additional test. specific
This testarea
consist
of of a regarding
questioning,
B. Guilt Complex test or a similar nature but one which
fictitious incidents
C. Peak ofappears be increasing
tensiontoTest real in so far the aslikelihood
the subjectof is
concerned. The detecting
purpose of this test is to compare
deception
D. Zone Comparison
the responsesTest with those that appeared on the
actual test recordregardless of innocence or
Peak of tension test -The investigator will prepare
guilt.
seven (7) questions and one of them has a specific
bearing on the matter under investigation. The
specific question must refer to some details of the
incident, which could have not been to the subject

03/10/2025 33
 Q-Cardo Dalisay is a private detective investigating a
confidential robbery case which details is not known
to the general public. He wants to determine
whether the suspect Renato Hipolito is really the
robber. As a polygraph examiner what is the best
supplementary test questions you can use in this
scenario?
A. Silent Answer Test
B. S-K-Y Question Test
C. Peak of Tension Test
D. Zone Comparison Test

03/10/2025 34
 Q-Detective Mr. X is handling a robbery case where
only the suspect and the victim know key details
about the crime. To determine if the suspect is
concealing crucial information, Mr. X must choose a
polygraph technique that measures the subject’s
physiological response to specific details related to
the crime. Which technique should he prioritize?
A. Periodic Testing
B. Pre-employment Test
C. Proving Peak of Tension
D. Known Solution Peak of Tension

03/10/2025 35
 Q-During a polygraph examination, the examiner first asks
Mr. X a neutral question, such as his name or age, before
proceeding to a question related to the investigation. What
is the primary purpose of this sequencing?
A. To confuse the subject before asking the main question.
B. To trick the subject into revealing the truth from a
simple and easy question.
C. To make the subject more likely to confess by
answering yes.
D. To establish a baseline for the subject’s normal
physiological responses.

03/10/2025 36
 Q-Which of the following best explains why polygraph results
are often deemed inadmissible as evidence in court?
A. Polygraphs are capable of detecting lies with 100%
accuracy, making them a completely reliable source of
evidence.
B. Extensive peer-reviewed studies have consistently proven
the accuracy of polygraph tests in detecting deception.
C. Courts universally accept polygraph results as a necessary
tool in criminal investigations.
D. Physiological responses measured by polygraphs can be
influenced by factors unrelated to deception, such as
anxiety or medical conditions.

03/10/2025 37
 Q-During a polygraph test, a subject who is guilty shows no
noticeable emotional response. What is the most likely
reason for this?
A. The polygraph instrument is malfunctioning.
B. The subject is truthful and does not experience anxiety.
C. The subject has mentally justified the crime and feels no
guilt.
D. The examiner lacks experience and did not formulate
effective questions.

03/10/2025 38
 Q-You are conducting a Peak of Tension Test (PTT)
related to a stolen vehicle, and the examiner knows
the vehicle is a red Mitsubishi Montero. Which
question would serve as the relevant question?
A. "Is the stolen vehicle a Mitsubishi?“
B. "Is the stolen vehicle hidden nearby?"
C. "Do you know if the stolen vehicle is red?“
D. "Is the stolen vehicle a Mitsubishi Montero?“

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 Q-If the finger electrodes are not properly attached during
a polygraph examination, what issue is most likely to occur?
A. False-positive respiration changes
B. Inaccurate blood pressure readings
C. Inconsistent pulse amplitude measurements
D. No electrical signal detection in the galvanograph

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 Q-Which of the following is a fundamental guideline in
interpreting polygraph charts?
A. There must be an abnormal question.
B. Significant responses should appear in only one chart.
C. The response must be present in all physiological
tracings.
D. A deviation from the subject’s normal physiological
responses have corresponding interpretation.

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 Q-If a polygraph test suggests deception, what should be
the examiner’s next course of action?
A. Conduct a post-test interrogation or if not post test
interview to clarify the findings and potentially obtain a
confession.
B. Administer the test again without informing the subject
of the detected deception.
C. Release the subject immediately and express
appreciation for their cooperation.
D. Focus solely on analyzing the polygraph results and
avoid further questioning.

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 Q-During a GQT, which of the following demonstrates the
use of a proper control question?
A. "Do you know the victim personally?"
B. "Did you steal the wallet from the desk?"
C. "Have you ever lied to someone in your life?"
D. "Were you at the crime scene at the time of the
incident?"

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 Subdivisions of PNS and their respective or
Q-During a polygraph examination, Mr. X is asked a series
Specific Functions:
1. Somatic Nervous system – controls
of questions while sensors are attached to monitor his
voluntary motor commands such as moving
physiological responses.
muscles toDespite his efforts to remain
walk or talk.
calm, the examiner
2. observes
Autonomicchanges
Nervousin his heart rate
System–Controls
involuntary commands such as digestion and
and perspiration,heartbeat.
even though Mr. X is not consciously
controlling them. Which system of the body is
Subdivisions and its respective function;
responsible for thesea.involuntary
Sympathetic reactions?
Nervous System – Also
A. Somatic Nervous System
called the fight flight mechanism, increases
alertness, stimulates tissue, and prepares
B. Autonomic Nervous System
the body for quick responses to unusual
C. Parasympathetic Nervous System
situations.
b. Parasympathetic Nervous System –
D. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
Also called the rest and repose system,
conserves energy and controls sedentary
activities, such as digestion.
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 Q-During a polygraph examination, Mr. X carefully
answers each questionXX while the examiner
– indicates monitors
the end of the test
his physiological responses. Later, when
Chart markings reviewing
– These are the
annotations of the physiologic tracings
the polygraph charts, the examiner
to denote points
stimulus to specific
(question) onset
markings that indicateandwhen
offset,the test started
examinees and
answer, question
number, question label, artifacts and
ended, as well as whereother
each details
question and response
important to the
was recorded. This are known as ___.
interpretation of the psychological
data.
A. XX Secondary chart marking –These are
B. Chart markings markings which are placed only if the
examinee des something which will
C. Primary chart markings
cause the psychological tracings to
D. Secondary chart marking
distort. These markings are usually
placed below the affected tracings

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 Q- The fourth and the bottom pen of the
polygraph instrument is pen for-
A.Cardio 6” located at the bottom

B.Pneumo 1 6”, top most pen

C.Pneumo 2 6”, second from the top

D.Galvanograph Longest pen, 7”, second from the bottom

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 Q- There are different sensors of polygraph
instrument, what serves as sensor for
cardiograph?
A. Arm cuff
B. Metal plates Or finger electrodes, sensor for Galvanograph
C. Rubber tubes Sensor for Pneumograph

D. Convoluted rubber tubesSensor for Pneumograph

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 Q- Three of the following are characteristics of irrelevant
questions;
I. It is of a non- stimulating matter
II. Avoid hurting other people feeling
III. It does not relate to the matter under investigation
IV. It must deal with known fact that the subject cannot lie.
A. I, II, & III
B. I, III, & IV
C. I, II, & IV
D. II, III, & IV

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 Q- Increase in blood pressure will cause the tracing
to _________________.
A. Increase in amplitude of top most tracing
B. Decrease in amplitude of top most tracing
C. Increase in amplitude of tracing at the bottom of
chart
D. Decrease in amplitude of tracing at the bottom of
chart

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 Q- A serial killer is a _______.
A person who enjoys pretending hypocrite
A.black liar
Person who cannot distinguish right from
B.pathological liar wrong
C.psychopathic liar People who have no conscience
D.occupational liar Those who tell lie because of money

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THANK YOU AND GODBLESS