course 1-2
course 1-2
1
October 2021
What do we get out of studying
systems as networks?
The world is very complex, by representing it as a
network we can gain very useful insights. We can
understand how:
■ information diffuses in social networks
■ resilient different infrastructure networks, such as
roads, or the electrical power grid are to random
or intentional shocks
■ to quantify properties of the connectivity and
topology of the analyzed systems and identify
important structural components
Political blogs
points lines
vertices edges, arcs math
computer
nodes links science
sites bonds physics
ties,
actors relations sociology
Degrees of a nodes
■ the degree of a node of a graph is the
number of edges incident to the node
■ In a directed graph each node has a in-
degree and an out-degree.
■ In-degree: number of edges leaving the
node
■ Out-degree: number of edges entering the
node
■ Degree = In-degree + Out-degree
Degree distribution
A connected component
of an undirected graph is
a subgraph in which any
two nodes are connected
to each other by paths,
and which is connected to
no additional vertices in
the graph
Strongly connected components
(directed graph)
A directed graph is called strongly
connected if there is a path in each
direction between each pair of
vertices of the graph. A pair of nodes
u and v are said to be strongly
connected to each other if there is a
path in each direction between them.
■ Nodes: people
■ Edges: Friendship, marital
or family ties
■ Generally symmetric relationships
■ Directed networks
■ Undirected networks
■ Weighted networks
■ Signed networks
■ Multigraphs
■ Nodes: animals
■ Edges: what eats what
■ Food web: asymmetric relationships
Edge direction
Undirected Networks: Directed Networks:
edges have no directions edges have directions
Weighted networks