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Chapter 24 discusses congestion control and quality of service in data traffic management, focusing on preventing and addressing network congestion. It outlines the mechanisms of open-loop and closed-loop congestion control and provides examples from TCP and Frame Relay. The chapter emphasizes the importance of maintaining network performance by managing the load and capacity effectively.

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3 views

Decbit,Red

Chapter 24 discusses congestion control and quality of service in data traffic management, focusing on preventing and addressing network congestion. It outlines the mechanisms of open-loop and closed-loop congestion control and provides examples from TCP and Frame Relay. The chapter emphasizes the importance of maintaining network performance by managing the load and capacity effectively.

Uploaded by

masanimasani2020
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 24

Congestion Control and


Quality of
Service

24.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2 4 - 1 DATATRAF F IC

The main focus of congestion control and quality of


service is data traffic. In congestion control we try to
avoid traffic congestion. In quality of service, we try to
create an appropriate environment for the traffic. So,
before talking about congestion control and quality of
service, we discuss the data traffic itself.

Topics discussed in this section:


Traffic Descriptor
Traffic Profiles

24.2
Figure 24.1 Traffic descriptors

24.3
Figure 24.2 Three traffic profiles

24.4
2 4 - 2 CONGESTION

Congestion in a network may occur if the load on the


network—the number of packets sent to the network—
is greater than the capacity of the network—the
number of packets a network can handle. Congestion
control refers to the mechanisms and techniques to
control the congestion and keep the load below the
capacity.

Topics discussed in this section:


Network Performance

24.5
Figure 24.3 Queues in a router

24.6
Figure Packet delay and throughput as functions of load

24.7
2 4 - 3 CONGESTIONCONTROL

Congestion control refers to techniques and


mechanisms that can either prevent congestion, before
it happens, or remove congestion, after it has
happened. In general, we can divide congestion
control mechanisms into two broad categories: open-
loop congestion control (prevention) and closed-loop
congestion control (removal).

Topics discussed in this section:


Open-Loop Congestion Control
Closed-Loop Congestion Control

24.8
Figure 24.5 Congestion control categories

24.9
Figure 24.6 Backpressure method for alleviating congestion

24.10
Figure 24.7 Choke packet

24.11
2 4 - 4 TWOEXAMPLES

To better understand the concept of congestion


control, let us give two examples: one in TCP and the
other in Frame Relay.

Topics discussed in this section:


Congestion Control in TCP
Congestion Control in Frame Relay

24.12
Figure 24.8 Slow start, exponential increase

24.13
No
te
In the slow-start algorithm, the size of
the congestion window increases
exponentially until it reaches a
threshold.

24.14
Figure 24.9 Congestion avoidance, additive increase

24.15
Note

In the congestion avoidance algorithm,


the size of the congestion window
increases additively until
congestion is detected.

24.16
Note
•An implementation reacts to congestion
detection in one of the following ways:
• ❏ If detection is by time-out, a new slow
start phase starts.
• ❏ If detection is by three ACKs, a new
congestion avoidance phase starts.

24.17
Figure 24.10 TCP congestion policy summary

24.18
Figure 24.1 Congestion example

24.19
Figure 24.12 BECN Backward Explicit Congestion Notification
(BECN)

24.20
Figure 24.13 FECN Forward Explicit Congestion Notification
(FECN)

24.21
Figure 24.14 Four cases of congestion

24.22
(Destination Experiencing Congestion Bit)

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