Scour depth Calculation

&
Exit Gradient
Examples & Exercises

Presented
by
Er. Baba Sharfuddin
Faculty member
WALAMTARI
Joined in Walamtari as Worked as DEE in Designs Circle,
Faculty Member in cadre Pranahita-Chevella Project, dealing
of DEE with Alignment, HPs & CM & CD
Structures of Gravity Canals of Lift
Worked in CE/CDO, as AEE & DEE, Irrigation Schemes(Ongoing)
dealing with Designs & Drawings
of Spillway DAM, Earth Dam, Weir,
Worked in Spl. Designs Circle, dealing
CM & CD Structures of Major &
with Designs & Drawings of
Medium Projects
Jalasoudha Building

Did Post-Graduation i.e Worked in Investigation Wing dealing

with Preparation of DPR & attending
M-
to CWC Comments for Clearance of
Tech(Structures) from JNTU Major & Medium Projects
in 1994 on merit basis
under Govt. sponsorship
Worked in Jurala Project in Joined I & CAD as AEE
Construction Block of in 1988
Spillway Dam
Er. Baba Sharfuddin
Did B.E in Civil Engg.
in 1985 Faculty member
WALAMTARI
Scour depth: Important Parameters
• Tendency of water to scour the surface
• Scouring is an important factor on which
safety of structure depends
• Discharge per metre run
• Raised water Level
• Nature of particle of soil
• TPs & Bore Hole particulars
Failure of Retaining Wall due to Scouring
Failure of retaining wall (dam) due to water Pressure..
 Scour depth Calculation
• SCOUR DEPTH:-
• Find the Scour depth (R) = 1.35 (q 2 / f) 1/3
• q = Q/L
• F = Lacey’s silt factor
• Depth of U/S cutoff = 1.5 R
• U/S cutoff level = U/S MWL – Depth of cutoff
• Depth of D/S cutoff = 2.0 R
• D/S cutoff level = D/S MWL – Depth of cutoff
Scour depth Calculation:

 Upstream Side:
• Discharge / metre width(in Cumecs/m),
• q = Q / b in m3/sec/m
• Normal scour depth R = 1.35(q2 / f )^ 1/3
• Scour Depth multiplication factor, x = 1.500
• Max scour depth = x. R
• Max scour level = U/S MFL - scour depth

• How ever the foundation level is taken upto

+ m, as per above calculation
NOTE:If rock exists cut off shall be taken 0.30m below
scour level)
Scour depth Calculation:Contd..

 Downstream Side:
• Scour Depth multiplication factor, x = 2.000
• Discharge / metre width(in Cumecs/m), q = Q / b in

m3/sec/m
• Normal scour depth R = 1.35(q2 / f )^ 1/3

• Max scour depth = x. R = 2.00 * R

• Max scour level = D/S TWL - scour depth

• How ever cut off on D/S side is taken upto + m

NOTE: (If rock exists cut off shall be taken 0.30m below scour
level)
• Mininum depth of foundation:
2
P 1  Sin 
 
 1  Sin 

where P = Soil Pressure in t/m2

γ=density of soil in t/m3
φ=Angle of Repose in degrees
 Minimum depth of foundation
• Provide minimum depth of foundation of 2 M
below CBL as per clause 705.2.1 (b) of IRC 78-
2000,
• Foundation Level = CBL – 2

• Provide Foundation Level, considering minimum

depth of foundation.
Scour depth Calculation:
EXAMPLE-1(worked-out)
Scour depth Calculation: EXAMPLE-1(worked-out)
 DATA:
• Discharge(Q) = 2.727 m3/sec
• Bed Width(in metres), b = 3.450 m
• U/S MFL = 251.135
• Crest Level = +250.555 m
• Canal Bed level = +248.555 m
• Height of wall = 2.000 m
• Depth of flow = 0.850 m
• End Sill Level = + 248.285
• Silt Factor, f = 1.000 ( depends upon soil of the
foundation Strata)
Scour depth Calculation:

 Upstream Side
• Discharge / metre width(in Cumecs/m),
• q = Q / b = 2.727 / 3.450 = 0.790 m3/sec/m
• Normal scour depth R = 1.35(q2 / f )^ 1/3
• = 1.154 m
• Scour Depth multiplication factor, x = 1.500
• Max scour depth = x. R = 1.50 * 1.154 =1.731 m
• Max scour level = U/S MFL - scour depth
= 249.404
• How ever the foundation level is taken upto + 249.000 m
NOTE:If rock exists say 249.000, cut off shall be taken
0.30m below scour level)
Scour depth Calculation: Contd…

D/S SIDE:
• Discharge(in Cumecs),
• Q = 2.727 m3/sec
• Bed Width(in metres), b = 3.450 m
• Silt Factor, f = 1.000
• D/S MFL = 249.135
Scour depth Calculation:Contd..

• Scour Depth multiplication factor, x = 2.000

• Discharge / metre width(in Cumecs/m), q = Q / b =
0.790 m3/sec/m
• Normal scour depth R = 1.35(q2 / f )^ 1/3
= 1.154 m
• Max scour depth = x. R = 2.00 * 1.154 =2.308 m
• Max scour level = D/S TWL - scour depth
= 246.827
• How ever cut off on D/S side is taken upto + 246.800
m
NOTE: (If rock exists say 246.800 cut off shall be taken
0.30m below scour level)
• Mininum depth of foundation:
2
P 1  Sin 
 
 1  Sin 

where P = Soil Pressure in t/m2 = 30.00 t/m^2

γ=density of soil in t/m3 = 1.8 t/m^3

φ=Angle of Repose = 28 degrees
Minimum depth of foundation = 2.172 metres
 Minimum depth of foundation
• Provide minimum depth of foundation of 2 M
below CBL as per clause 705.2.1 (b) of IRC 78-
2000,
• Foundation Level = CBL - 2 = 248.555 - 2 = 246.555
• Provide Foundation Level at + 246.500
considering minimum depth of foundation.
• SCOUR DEPTH CALCULATION FOR CANAL
DISCHARGE (in case of Bridges) :-
• Canal discharge (Q) = 261.078 Cumecs.
• Canal width(L) = 56.450 m
• CBL = + 24.924 m
• Silt factor (f) = 1.6
(If SDR is available below CBL )
discharge per metre width (q) = 261.078 / 56.450

= 4.625 Cumecs.per meter width.

Scour depth (R) = 1.346 (q2/f)1/3 = 3.1918 m
SCOUR DEPTH CALCULATION FOR CANAL DISCHARGE (in case of Bridges) :-Contd..

• Maxium scour depth (D) = 1.27 R

(As per Clause 110.1.4.1 IRC : 5 - 1985 )
= 4.054 m
Therefore Max. scour level = 29.424 - 4.054
(For Abutment) = + 25.370 m

or say + 25.350 m
 SCOUR DEPTH CALCULATION FOR CANAL
DISCHARGE (in case of Bridges) :-Contd..
• Maxium scour depth (D) = 2.00 R
(As per Clause 110.1.4.1 IRC : 5 - 1985 )
= 6.384 m
Therefore Max. scour level = 29.424 - 6.384
(For Piers) = + 23.040 m
 SCOUR DEPTH CALCULATION FOR CANAL
DISCHARGE (in case of Bridges) :-Contd..
 Minimum depth of foundation
• Provide minimum depth of foundation of 2 M
below CBL
(as per clause 705.2.1 (b) of IRC 78-2000)
Foundation Level = CBL - 2 = 24.924 – 2
= + 22.924 or say + 22.920
• Mininum depth of foundation
2
P 1  Sin 
 
 1  Sin 

• where P = Soil Pressure in t/m2 = 45.0 t/m^2

• γ=density of soil in t/m3 = 1.8 t/m^3
• φ=Angle of Repose = 28 degrees
• Minimum depth of foundation = 3.259 metres
Therefore Max. scour level =29.424 – 3.259
= + 26.165 m
However, Lowest foundation Level is fixed at a lowest
level i.e. + 22.920 m
 Scour depth Calculation
Example-2(Worked-out)
• UPSTREAM :
• Discharge ( Q ) = 8.490 cumecs.
• Bed Width ( L ) = 5.500 mts.
• M.F.L./ F.S.L. = + 162.743 m.
• f ( silt factor ) = 1.000 (ALL SOILS)
• Discharge per mtr. Width ( q ) = Q / L
= 1.544 cumecs / mt.
• Scour depth ( R ) = 1.35 * ( q² / f ) ^ 0.33 = 1.798 mts.
Max. Scour Depth = 1.500 * R = 2.697 mts.
Max. Scour Level = + 162.743 – 2.697 = + 160.046 m.
However the cut off is proposed upto +159.700 m.
 Scour depth Calculation
Example-2

• DOWNSTREAM :
• Discharge ( Q ) = 8.490 cumecs.
• Bed Width( L ) = 5.500 mts.
• TWL./ F.S.L. = + 162.010 m.
• f ( silt factor ) = 1.000 (SDR)
• Discharge per mtr. Width ( q ) = Q / L
= 1.544 cumecs / mt.
Scour depth( R ) = 1.35 * ( q² / f ) ^ 0.33 = 1.798 mts.
Max. Scour Depth = 2.00 * R = 3.596 mts.
Max. Scour Level = + 162.010 – 3.596 = + 158.414 m.
However the cut off is proposed upto +158.100 m
SCOUR DEPTH CALCULATIONS
Exercises
 Scour depth Calculation

• Exercise-1:
Calculate Scour depth on U/S & D/S of the
Channel for the given values:
(1) Q = 15 Cumecs
(2) b = 7.00 m
(3) f = 4.75
(4) U/S MFL = +120.050
(5) D/S MFL/FSL = +118.150
 Scour depth Calculation
• Exercise-2:
Calculate Scour depth for both i.e U/S & D/S
sides of the Channel for the given values:
(1) Q = 35 Cumecs
(2) b = 12.00 m
(3) f = 2.00
(4) U/S MFL = + 192.875
(5) D/S MFL/FSL = + 192.705
 Scour depth Calculation
Exercise-1(Worked-out)
• SCOUR DEPTH CALCULATIONS:(Upstream Side)
• for the known values of ‘Q’, Bw, u/s MFL,
• Discharge(in Cumecs),
• Q = 15 Cumecs
• Bed Width(in metres), b = 7.00 m
• Silt Factor, f = 4.750( depends upon soil of the
foundation Strata)
• U/S MFL = 120.050
 Scour depth Calculation:
Exercise-1(Worked-out)
• Scour Depth multiplication factor, x = 1.500
• Discharge / metre width(in Cumecs/m),
• q = Q / b = 2.143 Cumecs/m
Normal scour depth R = 1.35 * ( q² / f ) ^ 0.33= 1.335
• Max scour depth = x. R = 2.002 m
• Max scour level = U/S MFL - scour depth =
118.047
How ever the foundation level is taken upto +118.00
m
 Scour depth Calculation
Exercise-1(Worked-out)
• D/S SIDE:
• Discharge(in Cumecs),
• Q = 15 Cumec
• Bed Width(in metres), b = 7.00 m
• Silt Factor, f = 4.750
• D/S MFL/FSL = 118.150
 Scour depth Calculation
Exercise-1(Worked-out)
• Scour Depth multiplication factor, x = 2.00
• Discharge / metre width(in Cumecs/m),
q = Q / b = 2.143 cumecs/m
Normal scour depth R = 1.35 * ( q² / f ) ^ 0.33 = 1.335
• Max scour depth = x. R = 2.670 m
• Max scour level = D/S MFL - scour depth =
115.480
How ever cut off on D/S side is taken upto + 115.400 m
 Scour depth Calculation
(worked-out calculations for Exercise-2)
• SCOUR DEPTH CALCULATIONS:(Upstream
Side)
• for the known values of ‘Q’, Bw, u/s MFL,
• Discharge(in Cumecs),
• Q = 35 Cumecs
• Bed Width(in metres), b = 12.00 m
• Silt Factor, f = 2.00
• U/S MFL = +192.875
 Scour depth Calculation
(worked-out calculations for Exercise-2)
• Scour Depth multiplication factor, x = 1.500
• Discharge / metre width(in Cumecs/m),
• q = Q / b = 2.917 Cumecs/m
• Normal scour depth R = 1.35(q2 / f )0.33 = 2.177 m
• Max scour depth = x. R = 3.265 m
• Max scour level = U/S MFL - scour depth =
+189.609
How ever the foundation level is taken upto +189.600m
 Scour depth Calculation
(worked-out calculations for Exercise-2)
• D/S SIDE:
• Discharge(in Cumecs),
• Q = 35 Cumec
• Bed Width(in metres), b = 12.00 m
• Silt Factor, f = 2.00
• D/S MFL/FSL = +192.705
 Scour depth Calculation
(worked-out calculations for Exercise-2)

• Scour Depth multiplication factor, x = 2.00

• Discharge / metre width(in Cumecs/m),
q = Q / b = 2.917 cumecs/m
• Normal scour depth R = 1.35(q2 / f )0.33 = 2.177 m
• Max scour depth = x. R = 4.354 m
• Max scour level = D/S MFL - scour depth =
+ 188.351
How ever cut off on D/S side is taken upto +
+188.350 m
 Exit Gradient Calculation
(AS PER KHOSLA'S THEORY)
Examples & Exercises
 Exit gradient
• Exit gradient has been determined that for a standard
form consisting of a floor length ‘b’ with a vertical
cutoff of depth b, the exit gradient at its downstream
end is given by
GE = H/d* 1/π √γ
Where γ = 1+ √1+α2 /2
And α = b/d
NOTE: The uplift pressure must be kept as low as
possible consistent with the safety at the exit, so as to
keep the floor thickness to the minimum.
Exit Gradient: Example-1(Worked- out)
 Exit Gradient
Floor length(b)= Wall offset + Base width + Cistern
length + End sill
= 0.4+ 2.585 + 6 + 0.5 = 9.485 say
9.5m
H = RL of crest - D/S bed level
= 250.555 - 248.285
= 2.27 m

d = depth of D/S wall

= 2.308 m ( as already in Example-1, above)

• Exit Gradient: Contd...

• H/d = 2.27/2.308
= 0.983

• α = b/d
= 9.5 / 2.308
= 4.126
• λ = [1 + (1 + α2)0.5] / 2
= [1+(1+ 4.1262)0.5] / 2
= 2.622
Exit Gradient: Contd...
• GE = (1/ π√λ ) X (H/ d)

=( 1 / π√2.622) X (2.27 /2.308)

= 0.183 = 1 in 5.44
which is more than 1 in 4 for clay , Hence safe
EXIT GRADIENT CALCULATIONS: Exercise-1
EXIT GRADIENT CALCULATIONS: Exercise-1:contd..

• Exit gradient calculations:

• H = CL – End Sill Level
=94.800 - 92.000 = 2.800 m

• depth of d/s cut-ff (d) =D/S BL – D/S cut-off Depth

=92.000 - 87.000
= 5.000 m
EXIT GRADIENT CALCULATIONS: Exercise-1:contd..

Total Floor length(b)= Wall offset + Base width

+ Cistern length
= 5.0+1.5+5.0+3.30+10.00
• total floor length (b) = 24.800 m
EXIT GRADIENT CALCULATIONS: Exercise-1: contd..
• Exit gradient (GE) = H/d(pi. sqrt(Lambda))
= 2.80/5.000(pi.sqrt(Lambda))

where lambda = (1+sqrt(1+alpha2)

and alpha = b/d = 24.80 / 5.00 = 4.960

lambda = (1+sqrt(1+alpha2)

= (1+sqrt(1+4.962)
=3.030
EXIT GRADIENT CALCULATIONS: Exercise-1:
contd..
GE = H/d(pi.sqrt(Lambda))
=2.80 / 5.000 *3.14 * 3.030 ^0.5
= 0.1024 or 1 in 9.769
i.e, less than 1 in 4
Exit Gradient Calculation: Assignment
• References:
• IS:7784(PART II)-2002
• IRC 78-2000
• Garg, S K (1996) “Irrigation engineering and
hydraulic structures”, Twelfth Edition, Khanna
Publishers
• Varshney, R S, Gupta, S C and Gupta, R L
(1993) “Theory and design of irrigation
structures”, Volume II ( Canal and Storage
Works), Sixth Edition, Nem Chand Publication
THANK YOU

51
Questions..??