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General Considerations in Machine Design

The document outlines key considerations in machine design, including load types, material selection, part motion, and safety features. It emphasizes the importance of cost-effectiveness, the use of standard parts, and the need for convenient assembly and maintenance. Additionally, it highlights the significance of understanding workshop capabilities and the impact of production volume on design decisions.

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Sachidhanandam M
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6 views

General Considerations in Machine Design

The document outlines key considerations in machine design, including load types, material selection, part motion, and safety features. It emphasizes the importance of cost-effectiveness, the use of standard parts, and the need for convenient assembly and maintenance. Additionally, it highlights the significance of understanding workshop capabilities and the impact of production volume on design decisions.

Uploaded by

Sachidhanandam M
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN

MACHINE DESIGN
M.SACHIDHANANDAM
ASST PROFESSOR
MECHANICAL DEPT
1. Type of load and stresses caused by the
load.
• The load, on a machine component, may act
in several ways due to which the internal
stresses are set up.
2. Motion of the parts or kinematics of the
machine.
• The successful operation of any machine depends
largely upon the simplest arrangement of the parts
which will give the motion required.
• The motion of the parts may be :
(a) Rectilinear motion which includes
unidirectional and reciprocating motions.
(b) Curvilinear motion which includes rotary,
oscillatory and simple harmonic.
(c) Constant velocity.
(d) Constant or variable acceleration.
3. Selection of materials.
• It is essential that a designer should have a
thorough knowledge of the properties of the
materials and their behavior under working
conditions.
• Some of the important characteristics of
materials are : strength, durability, flexibility,
weight, resistance to heat and corrosion,
ability to cast, welded or hardened,
machinability, electrical conductivity, etc.
4. Form and size of the parts.
• The form and size are based on judgment.
• The smallest practicable cross-section may be used,
but it may be checked that the stresses induced in
the designed cross-section are reasonably safe.
• In order to design any machine part for form and
size, it is necessary to know the forces which the
part must sustain.
• It is also important to anticipate any suddenly
applied or impact load which may cause failure.
5. Frictional resistance and lubrication.
• There is always a loss of power due to
frictional resistance and it should be noted
that the friction of starting is higher than that
of running friction.
• It is, therefore, essential that a careful
attention must be given to the matter of
lubrication of all surfaces which move in
contact with others, whether in rotating,
sliding, or rolling bearings.
6. Convenient and economical features.
• In designing, the operating features of the machine should
be carefully studied.
• The starting, controlling and stopping levers should be
located on the basis of convenient handling.
• The adjustment for wear must be provided employing the
various take-up devices and arranging them so that the
alignment of parts is preserved.
• If parts are to be changed for different products or
replaced on account of wear or breakage, easy access
should be provided and the necessity of removing other
parts to accomplish this should be avoided if possible.
7. Use of standard parts.
• The use of standard parts is closely related to
cost, because the cost of standard or stock
parts is only a fraction of the cost of similar
parts made to order.
8. Safety of operation.
• Some machines are dangerous to operate, especially
those which are speeded up to insure production at a
maximum rate.
• Therefore, any moving part of a machine which is
within the zone of a worker is considered an accident
hazard and may be the cause of an injury.
• It is, therefore, necessary that a designer should always
provide safety devices for the safety of the operator.
• The safety appliances should in no way interfere with
operation of the machine.
9. Workshop facilities.
• A design engineer should be familiar with the
limitations of his employer’s workshop, in
order to avoid the necessity of having work
done in some other workshop.
• It is sometimes necessary to plan and
supervise the workshop operations and to
draft methods for casting, handling and
machining special parts.
10. Number of machines to be
manufactured.
• The number of articles or machines to be
manufactured affects the design in a number of
ways.
• The engineering and shop costs which are called
fixed charges or overhead expenses are distributed
over the number of articles to be manufactured.
• If only a few articles are to be made, extra
expenses are not justified unless the machine is
large or of some special design.
11. Cost of construction.
• The cost of construction of an article is the most important
consideration involved in design.
• In some cases, it is quite possible that the high cost of an
article may immediately bar it from further considerations.
• If an article has been invented and tests of hand made
samples have shown that it has commercial value, it is then
possible to justify the expenditure of a considerable sum of
money in the design and development of automatic machines
to produce the article, especially if it can be sold in large
numbers.
• The aim of design engineer under all conditions, should be to
reduce the manufacturing cost to the minimum.
12. Assembling.
• Every machine or structure must be
assembled as a unit before it can function.
• Large units must often be assembled in the
shop, tested and then taken to be transported
to their place of service.
• The final location of any machine is important
and the design engineer must anticipate the
exact location and the local facilities for
erection.
THANK YOU

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