INTERNET OF THINGS

LECTURE 4:
FOUNDATIONS OF IOT IMPLEMENTATION: SECURITY,
CONNECTIVITY, AND DATA MANAGEMENT
Ihtesham Ul Haq
DEVICE SECURITY: PHYSICAL AND
LOGICAL:
 PHYSICAL SECURITY:

• Tamper Resistance: Employ physical measures to

prevent unauthorized access, such as secure
enclosures, locks, and tamper-evident seals.
• Surveillance: Implement surveillance systems to
monitor the physical surroundings of devices.
• Access Controls: Restrict physical access to devices
in critical environments using measures like biometric
authentication or keycard access.
 LOGICAL SECURITY:
• Data Encryption: Use encryption algorithms to secure data both
during transmission and storage, preventing unauthorized access.
• Secure Boot: Ensure the integrity of device firmware by
implementing secure boot processes, which verify the authenticity
of firmware during startup.
• Regular Updates: Keep device firmware up to date with the latest
security patches to address vulnerabilities.
• Authentication: Use strong authentication mechanisms, such as
two-factor authentication, to control access to devices and
networks.
2. CONNECTIVITY OPTIONS:
 WIRELESS
• Wi-Fi: Suitable for high-data-rate applications within a short
to medium range.
• Bluetooth: Ideal for short-range communication between
devices.
• Zigbee and Z-Wave: Low-power, low-data-rate options
suitable for home automation and sensor networks.
• LoRa and NB-IoT: Long-range, low-power options for
connecting devices in remote areas.
• Cellular (3G/4G/5G): Provides high-speed, reliable
connectivity over a wide area.
 WIRED
• Ethernet: Offers reliable and high-speed
connectivity over short to medium distances.
• Power over Ethernet (PoE): Enables both
power and data transmission over a single
Ethernet cable.
• RS-485: Suitable for industrial applications
requiring long-distance communication and noise
immunity.
 3. CONNECTING SENSORS TO THE
CLOUD:
• IoT Gateways: Use gateways to preprocess and
aggregate data locally before transmitting it to the cloud,
reducing latency and bandwidth usage.
• Protocols: MQTT and CoAP are commonly used protocols
for lightweight, efficient communication between sensors
and the cloud.
• Security Measures: Implement secure and
authenticated connections, such as TLS/SSL, to protect
data during transmission.
 4. SCALING NUMBER OF SENSORS:
• Scalable Architectures: Design systems with scalability
in mind, such as microservices or serverless
architectures.
• Edge Computing: Distribute processing tasks to edge
devices, reducing the load on central servers and
minimizing latency.
• Load Balancing: Implement load balancing mechanisms
to evenly distribute incoming data across multiple
servers, preventing bottlenecks.
 5. COLLECTING AND STORAGE OF IOT
SENSOR DATA
• Time-Series Databases: Use databases optimized for
time-series data storage, facilitating efficient retrieval and
analysis.
• Data Retention Policies: Define policies to manage the
storage duration of data, balancing the need for historical
analysis with storage costs.
• Edge Storage: Utilize edge storage for temporary data
storage, reducing latency and minimizing reliance on
constant cloud connectivity.
 6. DATA AGGREGATION:
• Edge Aggregation: Aggregate data at the edge to
reduce the amount of data transmitted to the cloud,
improving efficiency and conserving bandwidth.
• Edge Analytics: Perform basic analytics at the edge to
derive immediate insights and reduce the need for
extensive cloud processing.
• Techniques: Employ aggregation techniques such as
data summarization, filtering, and compression to
streamline data before transmission.
 7. PROCESSING IOT DATA:
• Edge Computing: Use edge computing for real-time
processing of data, enabling quicker decision-making and
reducing reliance on central servers.
• Data Preprocessing: Clean and normalize raw sensor
data at the edge to ensure data quality before analysis.
• Cloud-Based Analytics: Utilize cloud-based analytics
platforms for more complex analysis, machine learning,
and AI applications that may require significant
computing resources.
 8. CLOUD AND IOT:
• Scalable Services: Leverage scalable cloud services for
storage, processing, and analysis to accommodate the
growing volume of IoT data.
• Security Measures: Implement robust security
measures, including encryption, access controls, and
regular security audits, to protect sensitive IoT data.
• Advanced Analytics: Utilize cloud-based machine
learning and AI services to derive valuable insights,
predictions, and optimizations from IoT data.
 HERE ARE SOME CLOUD SERVICES THAT OFTEN HAVE
FREE TIERS FOR IOT

• Amazon Web Services (AWS):

• Free Tier: AWS provides a limited free tier for 12 months with services like
AWS IoT, Amazon S3, AWS Lambda, and more.
• Microsoft Azure:
• Azure IoT Hub: Microsoft Azure offers a free tier for IoT Hub, allowing a
certain number of messages per day at no cost.
• Google Cloud Platform (GCP):
• Cloud IoT Core: GCP has a free tier for Cloud IoT Core, enabling the
connection of a limited number of devices.
• IBM Cloud:
• Watson IoT Platform: IBM Cloud offers a Lite plan for Watson IoT Platform
with some free usage limits.
• ThingSpeak:
• ThingSpeak: ThingSpeak is an IoT analytics platform that offers free
accounts with limited data storage and processing capabilities.
• Blynk:
• Blynk: Blynk is a platform for building IoT applications, and it has a free tier
with limited resources.
• Losant:
• Losant: Losant is an IoT platform with a free developer tier that includes
limited device and data limits.
• Ubidots:
• Ubidots: Ubidots provides a free plan with limited device and data limits for
IoT data visualization and analytic