Grid Computing

Presented by

Adithya D
Seminar guide

Mr.Raghavendra Devadas
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Overview
Definition Introduction Benefits Grid Architecture Grid Applications conclusion

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What is Grid computing?

The GRID is a super fast Internet service. The term Grid is chosen as an analogy to a power Grid that provides consistent, pervasive, dependable, transparent access to electricity irrespective of its source. Experiments everywhere, producing billions of bytes of data every day. Its not possible for one single institution to store and analyze all this data, so scientists have to share computer storage and processing power around the world at hundreds of different locations.

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What is Grid Computing ?

Allows sharing and coordinated use of diverse resources in dynamic, distributed virtual organizations.

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Introduction
The popularity of the Internet as well as the availability of powerful computers and high-speed network technologies as low-cost commodity components is changing the way we use computers today. These technology opportunities have led to the possibility of using distributed computers as a single, unified computing resource, leading to what is popularly known as Grid computing. Grids enable the sharing, selection, and aggregation of a wide variety of resources including supercomputers, storage systems, data sources, and specialized devices. Many large-scale problems cannot be solved by a single computer
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Towards Grid computing: a conceptual view.

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Contd..
The Grid would be the next big thing in the Internet. In fact, itd be a new technology or a mass of computer networks that would increase the Internet speed dramatically, which allows the download of entire feature films within a few seconds. Yes , a few seconds!.

Some background technologies

Cluster computing Peer to peer computing Distributed computing

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 To build a Grid, the development and deployment of a number of services is required. Such as Computational , Data, knowledge, Information, Application services.
These services include security , information, directory, resource allocation etc.. Grid is much better than the existing internet network.

10,000 times faster than the Broadband services.

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Why need Grid Computing?

Core networking technology now accelerates at a much faster rate than advances in microprocessor speeds.

Many large-scale problems cannot be solved by a single computer.

Globally distributed data and resources. Parallel CPU capacity
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Who needs Grid Computing?

Not just the computer scientists scientists when faced with situations:
The amount of data they need is huge and the data is stored in different institutions. The amount of similar calculations the scientist has to do is huge.

Other areas:
Government Business Education Industrial design
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Benefits
Better utilization of resources Grid computing uses distributed resources more efficiently and delivers more usable computing power. Increased user productivity By providing transparent access to resources, work can be completed more quickly. Scalability Grids can grow seamlessly over time, allowing many thousands of processors to be integrated into one cluster. Components can be updated independently and additional resources can be added as needed, reducing large one-time expenses. Flexibility Grid computing provides computing power where it is needed most, helping to better meet dynamically changing work loads.
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GRID ARCHITECTURE
Our goal in describing our Grid architecture is not to provide a complete enumeration of all required protocols (and services, APIs, and SDKs) but rather to identify requirements for general classes of component. we follow the principles of the hourglass model. In our architecture, the neck of the hourglass consists of Resource and Connectivity protocols, which facilitate the sharing of individual resources. Components within each layer share common characteristics but can build on capabilities and behaviors provided by any lower layer as shown in figure below.

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The layered Grid architecture and its relationship to the Internet protocol architecture. Because the Internet protocol architecture extends from network to application, there is a mapping from Grid layers into Internet layers.

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Fabric
The Grid Fabric layer provides the resources to which shared access is mediated by Grid protocols. Fabric components implement the local, resource-specific operations that occur on specific resources (whether physical or logical) as a result of sharing operations at higher levels.

There is thus a tight and subtle interdependence between the functions implemented at the Fabric level, on the one hand, and the sharing operations supported, on the other.
Richer Fabric functionality enables more sophisticated sharing operations

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Connectivity
The Connectivity layer defines core communication and authentication protocols required for Grid-specific network transactions. Communication protocols enable the exchange of data between Fabric layer resources. Authentication protocols build on communication services to provide cryptographically secure mechanisms for verifying the identity of users and resources. Authentication servers have the following characteristics Single sign on: Users must be able to log on (authenticate) just once and then have access to multiple Grid resources defined in the Fabric layer.

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 Delegation: A user must be able to endow a program with the ability to run on that users behalf, so that the program is able to access the resources on which the user is authorized. Integration with various local security solutions: Each site or resource provider may employ any of a variety of local security solutions, including Kerberos and Unix security.
User-based trust relationships: In order for a user to use resources from multiple providers together, the security system must not require each of the resource providers to cooperate or interact with each other in configuring the security environment. For example, if a user has the right to use sites A and B, the user should be able to use sites A and B together without requiring that As and Bs security administrators interact
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Resource
The Resource layer builds on Connectivity layer communication and authentication protocols to define protocols (and APIs and SDKs) for the secure negotiation, initiation, monitoring, control, accounting, and payment of sharing operations on individual resources. Two primary classes of Resource layer protocols can be distinguished they are, o Information protocols are used to obtain information about the structure and state of a resource, for example, its configuration, current load, and usage policy (e.g., cost).

o Management protocols are used to negotiate access to a shared resource, specifying, for example, resource requirements (including advanced reservation and quality of service) and the operation(s) to be performed.
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Collective
While the Resource layer is focused on interactions with a single resource, the next layer in the architecture contains protocols and services (and APIs and SDKs) that are not associated with any one specific resource but rather are global in nature and capture interactions across collections of resources.

For this reason, we refer to the next layer of the architecture as the Collective layer. Because Collective components build on the narrow Resource and Connectivity layer neck in the protocol hourglass, they can implement a wide variety of sharing behaviors without placing new requirements on the resources being shared.

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Applications
The final layer in our Grid architecture comprises the user applications that operate within a VO environment. Applications are constructed in terms of, and by calling upon, services defined at any layer. At each layer, we have well-defined protocols that provide access to some useful service: resource management, data access, resource discovery, and so forth. At each layer, APIs may also be defined whose implementation (ideally provided by third-party SDKs) exchange protocol messages with the appropriate service(s) to perform desired actions.

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Grid Applications
Distributed supercomputing High-throughput computing On-demand computing Data-intensive computing Collaborative computing

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Distributed Supercomputing
Idea: aggregate computational resources to tackle problems that cannot be solved by a single system Examples: climate modeling, computational chemistry Challenges include: Scheduling scarce and expensive resources Scalability of protocols and algorithms Maintaining high levels of performance across heterogeneous systems
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High-throughput computing
Schedule large numbers of independent tasks. Goal: exploit unused CPU cycles (e.g., from idle workstations). Unlike distributed computing, tasks loosely coupled.

Examples: parameter studies, cryptographic problems

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On-demand computing
Use Grid capabilities to meet short-term requirements for resources that cannot conveniently be located locally. Unlike distributed computing, driven by costperformance concerns rather than absolute performance.

Dispatch expensive or specialized computations to remote servers.

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Data-intensive computing
Synthesize data in geographically distributed repositories. Synthesis may be computationally and communication intensive. Examples: High energy physics generate terabytes of distributed data, need complex queries to detect interesting events. Distributed analysis of Sloan Digital Sky Survey data.
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Collaborative computing
Enable shared use of data archives and simulations. Examples: Collaborative exploration of large geophysical data sets. Challenges: Real-time demands of interactive applications Rich variety of interactions.
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Conclusion
There are currently a large number of projects and a diverse range of new and emerging Grid developmental approaches being pursued. These systems range from Grid frameworks to application testbeds, and from collaborative environments to batch submission mechanisms.

It is difficult to predict the future in a field such as information technology where the technological advances are moving very rapidly. Hence, it is not an easy task to forecast what will become the dominant Grid approach.
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Reference
Foster, C. Kesselman, editors. The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, Calif. (1999). Foster. I, Kesselman, C. and Tuecke, S. The Anatomy of the Grid: Enabling Scalable Virtual Organizations. International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications. Rajkumar Buyya, Mark Baker. Grids and Grid technologies for wide-area distributed computing ,SP&E.

www.globus.org
Ian Foster. The Grid: A New Infrastructure for 21st Century Science, Physics today.
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Thank You!
You may say I'm a dreamer But I'm not the only one I hope someday you'll join us And the world will be as one ---Beatles <Imagine>

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