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UNIT-II

Fiber optic sensors utilize optical fibers to measure various quantities such as temperature, pressure, and vibrations, making them suitable for harsh environments. They are classified into intrinsic and extrinsic types based on sensor location, and further categorized by operating principles into intensity, phase, and polarization-based sensors. Applications include monitoring structural health in buildings and bridges, as well as in biomedical fields for health analysis.

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13 views

UNIT-II

Fiber optic sensors utilize optical fibers to measure various quantities such as temperature, pressure, and vibrations, making them suitable for harsh environments. They are classified into intrinsic and extrinsic types based on sensor location, and further categorized by operating principles into intensity, phase, and polarization-based sensors. Applications include monitoring structural health in buildings and bridges, as well as in biomedical fields for health analysis.

Uploaded by

syed1188
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT-II

Introduction to Fiber Optic Sensors


• The fiber optic sensors also called as optical fiber
sensors use optical fiber or sensing element.
• These sensors are used to sense some quantities
like temperature, pressure, vibrations,
displacements, rotations or concentration of
chemical species.
• Fibers have so many uses in the field of remote
sensing because they require no electrical power
at the remote location and they have tiny size.
• Fiber optic sensors are supreme for insensitive
conditions, including noise, high vibration,
extreme heat, wet and unstable environments.
• These sensors can easily fit in small areas and can
be positioned correctly wherever flexible fibers
are needed.
• The wavelength shift can be calculated using a
device, optical frequency-domain reflectrometry.
• The time-delay of the fiber optic sensors can be
decided using a device such as an optical time-
domain Reflectometer.
Block Diagram Of Fiber Optic Sensor
The block diagram consists of optical source
• Light Emitting Diode,
• LASER
• Laser diode
• optical fiber
• sensing element
• optical detector and end-processing devices
(optical-spectrum analyzer, oscilloscope).
Types of Fiber-Optic Sensor Systems

Based on the sensor location, the fiber optic


sensors are classified into two types:
• Intrinsic Fiber-Optic Sensors
• Extrinsic Fiber-Optic Sensor
Intrinsic Type Fiber Optic Sensors

• In this type of sensors, sensing takes place within


the fiber itself.
• The sensors depend on the properties of the
optical fiber itself to convert an environmental
action into a modulation of the light beam passing
through it.
• Here, one of the physical properties of light signal
may be in the form of frequency, phase,
polarization; intensity.
Intrinsic Type Fiber Optic Sensors
Extrinsic Type Fiber optic Sensors

• In extrinsic type fiber optic sensors, the fiber may


be used as information carriers that show the way to
a black box.
• It generates a light signal depending on the
information arrived at the black box.
• The black box may be made of mirrors,gas or any
other mechanisms that generates an optical signal.
• These sensors are used to measure rotation,
vibration velocity, displacement, twisting, torque
and acceleration.
Extrinsic Type Fiber optic Sensors
• Based on operating principles, fiber optic
sensors are classified into three types
• Intensity based
• Phase based
• Polarization based
Intensity based Fiber Optic Sensor
• Intensity based fiber optic sensors require more
light and these sensors use a multi-mode-large
core fibers.
• When there is a vibration, there will be a change
in light inserted from one end to another end and
this will make the intelligence for measuring the
vibration amplitude.
• These sensors have many limitations due to
variable losses in the system that do not occur in
the environment.
• These variable losses include loses due to splices,
micro & macro bending losses, loses due to
connections at joints, etc.
Advantages
• low cost,
• ability to perform as real distributed sensors, very
simple to implement,
• possibility of being multiplexed, etc.
Disadvantages
• variations in the intensity of the light and relative
measurements, etc.
Polarization based Fiber Optic Sensor
• Polarization based optical fibers are used for the
measurement of a range of parameters.
• Special fibers and other components have been
developed with exact polarization features.
• Generally, these are used in a variety of
measurements, communication and signal
processing applications.
Phase Modulated OF Sensors
• These types of sensors are used to change emitter light on
information signal wherein the signal is observed by the phase
based fiber optic sensor.
• When a light beam is passed through the interferometer, then
the light separates into two beams.Wherein one beam is
exposed to the sensing environment and the other beam is
isolated from the sensing environment, which is used as a
reference.
• Once the two separated beams are recombined, then they get in
the way with each other.
• The most commonly used interferometers are Michelson, Mach
Zehnder, Sagnac, grating and polarimetric interferometers.
INTERFEROMETER
• The Michelson Interferometer is frequently considered
to be folded Mach Zehnder interferometer.
• The configuration of the Michelson interferometer
requires only one optical fiber coupler.
• Because the light passes twice through the sensing and
reference fibers, the optical phase shift per unit length of
the fiber is doubled. Thus, the Michelson can essentially
have better sensitivity.
• Another clear advantage of the Michelson is that the
sensor can be interrogated with only a single fiber
between the source and source detector module. But, a
good-quality reflection mirror is required for the
Michelson interferometer
• Based on application, fiber optic sensors are
classified into three types such as
• Chemical Sensor
• Physical Sensor
• Bio Medical Sensor
Chemical Sensor
• A chemical sensor is a device which is used to
transform chemical information in the form of a
measurable physical signal that is associated with
the concentration of a certain chemical species.
• The Chemical sensor perform the following
functions: signal processing, sampling, and data
processing.
• An analyzer may be an important part of an
automated system.
Physical Sensor

• A physical sensor is a device that is made according


to the physical effect and nature.
• These sensors are used to provide the information
about a physical property of the system.
• This type of sensors are mostly signified by sensors
such as photoelectric sensors, piezoelectric sensors,
metal resistance strain sensors and semiconductor
piezo-resistive sensors.
Bio Medical Sensor
• Biomedical sensor is an electronic device that
is used to transfer various non- electrical
quantities in biomedical fields into easily
detectable electrical quantities.
• Due to this reason, these sensors are included
in health care analysis.
• This sensing technology is the key to
collecting human pathological and
physiological information.
Applications of Fiber Optic Sensors

• Measurement of physical properties such as


temperature, displacement,velocity, strain in
structures of any size or any shape.
• In real time, monitoring the physical structure of
health.
• Buildings and bridges, tunnels, Dams, heritage
structures.
• Night vision camera, electronic security systems,
Partial discharge detection and measuring wheel
loads of vehicles.

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