Technology And Management Options

For Biodegradable Waste Management

&

Green Leaf Rating for Tourism Sector

Technology and management options for
Biodegradable Waste Management
Biodegradable waste comprises of a kitchen and institutional waste, animal
waste, crop residue, discarded fruits and vegetables and other biodegradable
waste such as garden waste in rural areas.

Biodegradable waste is a subset of total solid waste generated in rural area sand is
often found mixed with other dry, non-biodegradable waste. At the household
level, biodegradable waste contributed to 60% -80% of the total waste generated.
A good proportion of biodegradable waste is used as animal fodder, fuel etc. If
not stored in an unscientific manner or just dumped, these may lead to air
pollution and contamination of water bodies (particularly during monsoon).
 Animal waste Farm waste
Refuse from Materials left behind in
domestic and
fields after crop harvest,
bred animals in
farms post-harvest waste of fruits
and vegetables

Garden and other bio Kitchen and

waste institution waste

Removed vegetation, Cooked, uncooked and/or

weeds, trimmings, unconsumed food, fruits
lawn clippings, leaves, and vegetables
flowers, etc.
Principles to be followed while designing of bio-
degradable waste management systems
Principles that can be followed during the planning and implementation of
biodegradable waste management interventions can lead to sustainable
outcomes. The needs and preferences of the target population, most
appropriate and easy to use technology interventions with low Operation and
Maintenance at appropriate levels are

• Demand driven approach.

• Application 3-R ( Reduce – Reuse – Recycle).
• In house consumption for cattle other livestock and other need.
• Processing at household level and Community.
• Market linkage & Market Development.
 Components of Biodegradable Waste Management
The components of biodegradable waste management include – waste
generation, segregation and collection, transportation, treatment and
disposal. Though these entire components are often not visible, and provision is not required in
majority of the rural areas due to smaller quantities of biodegradable waste (from house hold
chores, excluding agriculture and livestock-related biodegradable waste) and local usage (at generation
level itself) and its resource value.

As far as possible, and especially for smaller Gram Panchayats, decentralized house hold level
processing of bio-degradable waste is preferred. Similarly, generation level processing is also
preferred for bulk generate or slike in situations, markets, hotels, temples etc. For large GPs/peri-urban
areas, or in areas where household level processing is not feasible, community level and village or even
clustering of villages processing may be considered.

Biodegradable waste collection and transportation systems are relevant mainly in larger Gram
Panchayat (GP) or peri/semi-urban areas/ large densely populated villages, where quantitiess of waste
generated are relatively large. Such Gram Panchayats may been courage to set up the door to door
collection mechanisms from households and institutions with the use of tricycles, pushcarts or battery-
powered vehicles. Household-level segregation of waste may be promoted as well to facilitate efficient
community composting.

Almost the entire biodegradable waste generated is expected to be managed during processing to
generate useful by-products such as compost, biogas, electricity, etc. Therefore, disposal element
can be completely nullified sallby- products are utilized.
 TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS
“Composting and bio-methanation are the most appropriate technologies,
which can be adopted in a wide range of needs, requirements and scale.”

(i) Earthen pot composting (Individual household level)

Pot composting is one of the easiest, safest and most efficient way for composting
the biodegradable waste. Pot composting with sufficient aeration does not emit an
unbearable smell. Easy availability, simplicity, portability and efficiency make this
attractive. It requires very less space and hence suitable for individual household

composting.
Capacity – upto 2kg/day for a family of 5-6 members
 (i) Pit Composting - (individual households and community
level)

Compost pits offer a simple and free alternative to purchasing or building a

compost bin, as they are made right in the ground within your backyard. This
should be the preferred option wherever it is feasible.

Specification and Size

Household pits:-Pits of length of 1m x width 60 cm x depth 1m for a family
of 5 or 6 members. Bigger size pits for bigger families according to
requirements.

Community pits:-The number and size of the pits are permitted to be altered
as per site requirements and land availability keeping the dept has 1m and
width as 6-8 feet.
 (iii) Pile Composting (Community level)
Aerated static pile composting produces compost relatively quickly and is suitable
for a relatively homogenous mix of organic waste.
In aerated static pile composting, organic waste is mixed in a large pile. To aerate
the pile, layers of loosely piled bulking agents (e.g., wood chips, shredded
newspaper) are added so that air can pass from the bottom to the top of the pile.
 (iv) Permanent Tank Composting ( Community level )

This method uses a permanently built tank of mud or clay bricks or cemnthol
low bricks. It is, therefore, important to choose the permanent site for the tank
with care. This is good any time of the year where moisture is limited and is
the best way to make compost with minimum operation and maintenance cost.
 (v) Vermi Composting (Community level)
Composting using earth worms is called vermi composting. Vermi
composting process mainly consist soft wastages:

a) Partial degradation /partial digestion of the waste. During this stage, the
waste is allowed to decompose to be digestible for earthworms.
b) Inoculation of the proper number of earthworms.

The process involves decomposition of organic matter by micro organisms

already present in the waste. This stage is exothermic and to keep the
temperature under control and ensure proper provision of oxygen to keep the
mass of waste in the aerobic condition, the waste should be turned once in
two days. Earthworm degrades the waste both by physical and chemical
break down in their gut. The gut of the worm acts as a bio reactor providing
ideal conditions for temperature. pH and oxygen concentration for steady
growth of aerobic bacteria which out-compete pathogens resulting in
pathogen’s destruction. These microorganisms produce useful compounds
like antibiotics, vitamins and plant growth hormones.
(vi) Windrow Composting (Community level)
Windrow composting involves forming organic waste in to rows of long
piles called “windrows” and aerating them periodically by either manually or
mechanically turning the piles. The ideal windrow height is between four
and eight feet with a width of 14 to 16 feet. This size pile is large enough
to generate enough heat and maintain temperatures. It is small enough to
allow oxygen flow to the windrow's core.
(vii) Rotary Drum Composting (Community
level)
The drum is applicable for rapid composting of kitchen and other organic waste
generating from a single house hold in all seasons without causing any odour,
vector, leachate in all seasons. Primary stabilized compost was achieved within 15-
20 days. Community scale continuous rotary drum composter of 3.5 m3 capacity is
used for high rate composting of 150-200kg organic waste per day.

The rotary drum can be successfully applied in a small land area for rapid
composting of all kind of organic waste (kitchen, cow dung, dry leaves etc.,)
generated from house hold, institutions, and dairies in rural areas.
 MATRIX FOR FEASIBILITY OF TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS
TECHNOLOGY TYPICAL WASTE SCALE / LEVEL TOPOGRAPHY
FEED
Earthen pot Kitchen waste Micro scale, All
composting / and small Individual House holds
Pit quantity other
Composting biodegradable
waste
Pile Garden waste, Small to medium scale, All
Composting crop residue, households,
kitchen waste community level, farm,
temples, institutions
Permanent Crop residue, Small to medium scale, All
tank method kitchen waste, households,
cattle waste community level, farm,
temples, market
Vermi- Kitchen waste, Small to medium scale, All, except too
composting garden waste, households, low-
crop residue community level, farm, temperature
temples, market areas
Windrow Crop residue, Medium to large scale, All, large GPs,
Composting kitchen waste, community level, centralized
cattle waste centralized
Rotary Drum Kitchen waste, Small scale, temples, All areas
 Green Leaf Rating for Tourism Sector

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is a national flagship programme of the

Government of India being implemented in both urban and rural areas for
ensuring overall sanitation.

 What is the Swachhata green leaf rating? What is it?

Swachhata Green Leaf Rating Initiative is a government initiative to ensure world-
class hygiene and sanitation in the hospitality sector. The primary goal is to
prevent pollution in water bodies and maintain a clean environment.

Swachhata Green Leaf Rating System has been designed to ensure the attainment
of Open Defecation Free (ODF) Plus status in rural and urban areas while
simultaneously building a positive image and branding for hospitality entities
as promoters of sanitation and hygiene
 Target Groups
The proposed rating system is intended for all the tourist
facilities, with or without restaurants
These norms will apply to all categories of public and private
tourist facilities, viz. Target groups Lodges, Hotels,
homestays, dharmshalas, camps including portable toilet
facilities or trekking groups
Swachhata Green Leaf Rating System

Maintaining sanitation and hygiene involves the

management of the waste generated owing to
human activity in a scientific and environmentally
acceptable manner.
 Rating System
The rating system will direct the collective efforts towards achieving
sanitation objectives in a sustainable way. It will be a voluntary system
where the hospitality facility will be encouraged to participate by orienting
them about the direct gains and larger benefits of sanitation and hygiene,
which is ultimately aimed at a multi-fold increase in tourist turnout.

The proposed rating system will have the following three phases.
I. Orientation Phase
II. Voluntary Declaration Phase
III. Verification Phase
 Composition of Proposed Committees
For the execution of the Swachhata Green Leaf Rating System, the following
committees are proposed.
 State-Level Committee
 District Level Committee
 Verification Sub- Committee

• Safe Sanitation Parameters

The hospitality entities (resorts, hotels, homestays, dharmshalas, restaurants
etc.) participating in the self-rating sanitation protocol are expected to adopt
and adhere to the SBM(G) parameters related to faecal sludge management,
solid waste management and grey water management by way of creating
essential infrastructure, ensuring desirable practices and creating awareness.
• Solid Waste Management
• Fiscal Sludge Management
• Grey water Management
 Swachhata Green Leaf Rating System –
Scoring Method
 As stated earlier, there are certain norms of safe sanitation which the
hospitality facilities (resorts, hotels, restaurants, homestays, dharmshalas,
etc.) are expected to follow.
 Focused Themes in Proposed Rating Systems.
 Allocation of Marks in Rating System.
Thank You