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Kinetic Molecular Theory

The Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) explains the behavior of gases based on the motion and energy of their particles, which are in constant random motion and occupy negligible volume compared to the distances between them. Key postulates include the idea that gas particles collide elastically, have negligible intermolecular forces, and that their average kinetic energy is directly proportional to temperature. Additionally, the document discusses concepts such as pressure, diffusion, effusion, and Dalton's law of partial pressures.

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12 views40 pages

Kinetic Molecular Theory

The Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) explains the behavior of gases based on the motion and energy of their particles, which are in constant random motion and occupy negligible volume compared to the distances between them. Key postulates include the idea that gas particles collide elastically, have negligible intermolecular forces, and that their average kinetic energy is directly proportional to temperature. Additionally, the document discusses concepts such as pressure, diffusion, effusion, and Dalton's law of partial pressures.

Uploaded by

Reymart
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Property of Gases –

Kinetic Molecular Theory


Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
• The word kinetic refers to motion.

• Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because of its


motion.

• Kinetic Molecular Theory makes assumptions about:


▫ Size
▫ Motion
▫ Energy of gas particles
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Jtw8g795Us
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLoR__BFuRY
The Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)
consists of several postulates.
• A. A gas is composed of large number of particles, either
atoms or molecules. They are so small compared to the
distance separating them that their own size can be
considered negligible. Compared to the total gas volume,
the particles occupy negligible volume. A considerable
empty space exists between particles.
• B. Gas particles move randomly in straight line motion
and collide with each other and the container frequently.
The force of collisions of the gas particles with the walls
of the container causes pressure.
• C. Collisions of gas molecules are perfectly elastic.
This means no energy is lost as friction when
molecules collide.
• D. Gas particles exhibit almost negligible
attractions and repulsions for each other. The
molecules thus, move freely as far as space will
allow.
• E. The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is
directly proportional to the absolute temperature
(Kelvin). At the same temperature, the molecules of
all gases will have the same average kinetic energy.
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Part 1
• Molecular Theory. It states that:
• a. Gases are composed of molecules. The
distances from molecule to molecule are
far greater than the molecules’
dimensions. These molecules can be
considered as spherical bodies which
possess negligible mass and volume.
b. Gas molecules are always in constant
random motion and they frequently collide
with one another and with the walls of the
container. Collision among molecules are
perfectly elastic, that is, energy may
transfer from molecule to molecule as the
result of collision but the total energy of all
the molecules in the system remains the
same/constant.
c. There is a neither attractive
nor repulsive force between or
among gas molecules.
d. Movement of gas molecules is
affected by temperature. The average
kinetic of the molecules is directly
related to the temperature of gas.
• The properties of gases can affect one
another. They are related to each other.
o The volume of a gas is directly related to
its temperature at constant pressure.
o The pressure of a gas is directly related
to its temperature at constant
temperature.
o The volume of a gas is inversely related
to its pressure at constant temperature.
o The amount of a gas in a mole is directly
related to its volume at constant pressure and
temperature.
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Part 2
2. Gas particles are much smaller than the distances
between them. Most of a gas consists of empty space.
 Gas consists of small particles that are separated from one
another by empty space

 Most of the volume of a gas consists of empty space

 Because they are so far apart, there are no attractive or


repulsive forces between the gas molecules

 The motion of one particle is independent of the motion of


other particles
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Part 1
1. According to the KMT all matter consists of tiny particles
that are in constant, random motion

• Move in a straight line until they collide with other particles or with
the walls of the container.
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Part 3
3. No kinetic energy is lost when gas particles collide with
each other or with the walls of the container (elastic
collision)

 Undergoes elastic collision – no kinetic energy is lost when


particles collide.

 The total amount of kinetic energy remains constant.


Kinetic Molecular Theory
Part 4
4. All gases have the same average kinetic energy at a
given temperature
 Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of particle
in a sample of matter.
 Kinetic energy and temperature are directly related
 The higher the temperature, the greater the kinetic energy
 The Kelvin temperature of a substance is directly proportional to
the average kinetic energy of the particles of the substance.
273 + _____oC = _______Kelvin
 There is no temperature lower than 0 Kelvin (Absolute Zero).
 Kinetic Energy = ½ mv2; where m = mass and v = velocity
Absolute Zero

• The greater the atomic and molecular motion, the greater the
temperature is of a substance.

• If all atomic and molecular motion would stop, the temperature


would be at absolute zero (0 Kelvin or -273 oC)
Diffusion and Effusion

• Diffusion – describes the movement of one material through another


▫ Particles diffuse from an area of high concentration to low concentration
• Effusion – gas escapes through a tiny opening.

• The heavier the molecule, the slower it will effuse or diffuse


Diffusion and Effusion

Diffusion Effusion
Pressure
• Pressure is the force per unit area

• Gas pressure is the force exerted by a gas per unit


surface area of an object.
 Gas pressure is the result of billions of collisions of billions of
gas molecules with an object

• Atmospheric pressure (air pressure) results from the


collisions of air molecules with objects.
 The air pressure at higher altitudes is slightly lower than at sea
level because the density of the Earth’s atmosphere decreases
as elevation increases.

• Vacuum - Empty space with no particles and no pressure


Measuring Pressure
• Barometer – an
instrument used to
measure atmospheric
pressure
Measuring Pressure

• Manometer – an instrument used


to measure gas pressure in a
closed container
Units of Pressure and STP

• Average atmospheric pressure is 1 atm S T P


e e
n r
• 1atm = 760 torr = 760 mmHg = 101.3 kPa f
e
c
• STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure)
t
▫ 1 atm and 0oC or 1 atm and 273 K
1 0
Dalton’s Partial Pressure

• Dalton’s law of partial pressures states that the total pressure of a mixture of
gases is equal to the sum of the pressures of all the gases in the mixture.
• Ptotal = P1 + P2 +P3 + . . . Pn
Conversion Factors for Pressure

1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mmHg =


101.3 kPa
Example 1
Convert 2.5 atm into torr, mmHg, kPa
2.5 atm 760 torr = 1900 torr
1 atm

2.5 atm 760 mmHg = 1900 mmHg


1 atm

2.5 atm 101.3 kPa = 250 kPa


1 atm
Example 2
Convert 215 kPa into torr, mmHg, atm
215 atm 760 torr = 1610 torr
101.3 kPa

215 atm 760 mmHg = 1610 mmHg


101.3 kPa

215 atm 1 atm = 2.12 atm


101.3 kPa
Dalton’s Law of Partial
Pressures

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 … + Pn
Example 1
Ptotal = PO2 + PCO2 + PN2
0.97 atm = PO2 + 0.70 atm + 0.12 atm

PO2 = 0.15 atm


**You first
Example 2 have to put
Ptotal = PO2 + PCO2 + PCO everything in
the same units!
235 kPa 1 atm = 2.32 atm
101.3 kPa

455 torr 1 atm = 0.599 atm


760 torr

Ptotal = 0.563 atm + 2.32 atm + 0.599 atm


Ptotal = 3.48 atm
COCl2
C2H2AsCl3
Cl3CNO2
C4H8Cl2S

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