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Population

This chapter discusses population dynamics, including factors affecting growth, birth and death rates, and the implications of population changes on economies. It highlights the differences in population trends across countries, the effects of aging populations, and the importance of migration. The chapter concludes with the need for government policies to manage population size and resource use for sustainable development.

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14 views17 pages

Population

This chapter discusses population dynamics, including factors affecting growth, birth and death rates, and the implications of population changes on economies. It highlights the differences in population trends across countries, the effects of aging populations, and the importance of migration. The chapter concludes with the need for government policies to manage population size and resource use for sustainable development.

Uploaded by

dewi indra
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 34:

POPUL ATION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

By the end of this chapter, you should be


able to:
• Describe the factors that affect population
growth
• Analyze the reasons for different rates of
population growth in different countries
• Discuss the effects of changes in the size
and structure of populations on different
countries
OOVVEERRVVI IEEW
W

World • 2017: 7.5 billion


Population • Predicted: 9.7 billion by 2050, 11.2 billion by 2100
Overview:
Population Age • 60+ age group: Expected to double by 2050 and triple
by 2100
Trends:

Global • Japan: Population decline


• Uganda: Rapid population increase
Examples: • Monaco: Average age 52 years vs. Niger: 15 years
FA C T O R S T H AT A F F E C T P O P U L AT I O N G R O W T H

Population Growth Factors Affecting Birth Factors Affecting


Factors: Rate: Death Rate:
• Natural Increase: • Age of population, • Nutrition, housing,
Birth rate exceeds women's fertility medical care,
death rate rate, number of lifestyle, working
• Net Immigration: women, education, conditions, military
More immigrants economic conditions involvement
than emigrants • Net Immigration:
Influenced by living
standards,
persecution, and
immigration policies
RREEAASSOONNSS FFOORR DDI IFFFFEERREENNTT RRAATTEESS OOFF
PPOOPPUULLAATTI IOONN GGRROOWWTTHH

• Young population, early marriage, high infant


High Birth mortality, lack of education, low cost of raising
children
Rates: • Lack of family planning and government incentives

Low Birth • Expensive to have children (education, work


opportunities for women)
Rates: • Government support systems (pensions, healthcare)

Death Rate • High standard of living → low death rate


• Economic conditions and peace affect migration
Influences: patterns
KEY TERMS
• Emigration: Leaving a country to live elsewhere

• Birth Rate: Number of births per 1000 population per year

• Death Rate: Number of deaths per 1000 population per year

• Net Immigration: More people moving in than leaving

• Net Migration: Difference between immigration and emigration

• Infant Mortality Rate: Number of infant deaths per 1000 live births per year
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PPOOPPUULLAATTI IOONN SSI IZZEE AANNDD SSTTRRUUCCTTUURREE

Population Structure:
• Gender Distribution: More males in some countries due to
immigration or cultural preferences
• Age Distribution: Divided into under-16, 16–64, and over-65

Population Pyramid:
• Low Development: Wide base, high birth & death rates (e.g.,
Mozambique)
• High Development: Narrow base, low birth & death rates, higher
life expectancy (e.g., Japan)
D E P E N D E N C Y RAT I O
AND OPTIMUM
P O P U L AT I O N

• Dependency Ratio: Proportion of the population dependent


on the working-age group

• Optimum Population:
– The ideal population size that maximizes goods and
services per person
– Influenced by land, capital, and technical knowledge

• Under-population: Not enough human resources to utilize all


resources effectively

• Over-population: Too many people relative to available


resources
EFFECTS OF
P O P U L AT I O N
GROWTH
• Possible Benefits of Increasing Population:

– Better use of resources if below optimum population


– Larger markets → economies of scale
– Increased demand may stimulate investment
– Larger labour force, especially with immigration
• Possible Drawbacks:

– Famine risk if agricultural productivity is low


– Pressure on living standards and public services
– Environmental damage, overcrowding, unemployment
pressures
– Strain on public finances and balance of payments
WAAYYSS OOFF RREEDDUUCCI INNGG TTHHEE BBI IRRTTHH RRAATTEE
W

• Government Policies to Control Birth Rates:

– Educate and employ women → more family planning


awareness
– Improve healthcare and reduce infant mortality
– Raise school leaving age, limit family support
– Financial incentives for smaller families
– Extreme measures: Restrictions on number of children per
family
Effects of Ageing
Higher
Populations:
Changes in
Increased
Higher
the labour pension
dependenc healthcare
force (less and welfare
y ratio demand
mobility) costs

THE
CONSEQUENCE
S OF AN Examples:
AGEING Japan: Large elderly EU & USA: Ageing
population, labour demographics leading to
P O P U L AT I O N shortages economic pressure
CCOOPPI INNGG W
WI ITTHH AANN AAGGEEI INNGG
PPOOPPUULLAATTI IOONN

Government Responses:

Raise retirement age to reduce pension burden

Encourage savings for retirement

Improve worker productivity through education and training

Promote immigration of younger workers


INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
M I G RAT I O N
• Internal Migration:

– Rural to urban migration for better job opportunities


– Positive: Economic benefits for rural areas, better resource allocation
– Negative: Pressure on urban infrastructure, potential job shortages

• External Migration (Emigration):

– Effects of Net Emigration:


• Labour shortages, brain drain

• Increased dependency on remittances

• Possible under-population and resource underutilization


CO N CLU S I O N
• Summary:

– Population dynamics (growth, structure, migration) play a crucial role in a country’s


economy.
– Governments must balance population size and resource use to ensure sustainable
development.
– arious policies and responses are required to address the challenges of population
changes.

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