Computer Fundamentals and Programming in C

© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.

 CHAPTER 11

ARRAYS

© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.

 INTRODUCTION
● An array is a collection of similar data elements.
● These data elements have the same data type.
● The elements of the array are stored in consecutive memory locations and are referenced by an
index (also known as the subscript).
● Declaring an array means specifying three things:
The data type- what kind of values it can store ex, int, char, float
Name- to identify the array
The size- the maximum number of values that the array can hold
● Arrays are declared using the following syntax.
type name[size];

1st element 2nd 3rd 4th element5th element 6th element7th element8th element 9th element10th
element element element

marks[0] marks[1] marks[2] marks[3] marks[4] marks[5] marks[6] marks[7] marks[8] marks[9]

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 ACCESSING ELEMENTS OF THE ARRAY
To access all the elements of the array, you must use a loop. That is, we can access all the
elements of the array by varying the value of the subscript into the array. But note that the
subscript must be an integral value or an expression that evaluates to an integral value.

CALCULATING THE ADDRESS OF ARRAY int i, marks[10];

ELEMENTS for(i=0;i<10;i++)
marks[i] = -1;

Address of data element, A[k] = BA(A) + w( k – lower_bound)

Here, A is the array
k is the index of the element of which we have to calculate the address
BA is the base address of the array A.
w is the word size of one element in memory, for example, size of int is 2.

99 67 78 56 88 90 34 85
Marks[0] marks[1] marks[2] marks[3] marks[4] marks[5] marks[6] marks[7]
marks[7] 1000 1002 1004 1006 1008 1010 1012
1014

Marks[4] = 1000 + 2(4 – 0)

= 1000 + 2(4) = 1008
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 STORING VALES IN ARRAYS
Initialize the elements

Store values in the array

Initialization of Arrays Input values for the elements

Arrays are initialized by writing, Assign values to the elements

type array_name[size]={list of values};
int marks[5]={90, 82, 78, 95, 88};
Assigning Values
Inputting Values

int i, marks[10]; int i, arr1[10], arr2[10];

for(i=0;i<10;i++) for(i=0;i<10;i++)
scanf(“%d”, &marks[i]); arr2[i] = arr1[i];

CALCULATING THE LENGTH OF THE ARRAY

Length = upper_bound – lower_bound + 1
Where, upper_bound is the index of the last element
and lower_bound is the index of the first element in the array

99 67 78 56 88 90 34 85
Marks[0] marks[1] marks[2] marks[3] marks[4] marks[5] marks[6 marks[7]]

Here, lower_bound = 0, upper_bound = 7

Therefore, length ©= Oxford
7 – 0 University
+ 1 = 8 Press 2012. All rights reserved.
 WRITE A PROGRAM TO READ AND DISPLAY N NUMBERS USING
AN ARRAY
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
int i=0, n, arr[20];
clrscr();
printf(“\n Enter the number of elements : “);
scanf(“%d”, &n);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf(“\n Arr[%d] = “, i);
scanf(“%d”,&num[i]);
}
printf(“\n The array elements are “);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf(“Arr[%d] = %d\t”, i, arr[i]);
return 0;
} © Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.
 INSERTING AN ELEMENT IN THE ARRAY
Algorithm to insert a new element to the end of the array.

Step 1: Set upper_bound = upper_bound + 1

Step 2: Set A[upper_bound] = VAL
Step 3; EXIT

The algorithm INSERT will be declared as INSERT( A, N, POS, VAL).

Step 1: [INITIALIZATION] SET I = N

Step 2: Repeat Steps 3 and 4 while I >= POS
Step 3: SET A[I + 1] = A[I]
Step 4: SET I = I – 1
[End of Loop]
Step 5: SET N = N + 1
Step 6: SET A[POS] = VAL
Step 7: EXIT

Calling INSERT (Data, 6, 3, 100) will lead to the following processing in the array

45 23 34 12 56 20 20 45 23 34 12 12 56 20
Data[0] Data[1] Data[2] Data[3] Data[4] Data[5] Data[0] Data[1] Data[2] Data[3] Data[4] Data[5]
Data[6] Data[6]

45 23 34 12 56 56 20 45 23 34 100 12 56 20

Data[0] Data[1] Data[2] Data[3] Data[4] Data[5] Data[0] Data[1] Data[2] Data[3] Data[4] Data[5]
Data[6] © Oxford University Press 2012. Data[6]
All rights reserved.
 DELETING AN ELEMENT FROM THE ARRAY

Algorithm to delete an element from the end of the array

Step 1: Set upper_bound = upper_bound - 1

Step 2: EXIT

The algorithm DELETE will be declared as DELETE( A, N, POS).

Step 1: [INITIALIZATION] SET I = POS

Step 2: Repeat Steps 3 and 4 while I <= N - 1
Step 3: SET A[I] = A[I + 1]
Step 4: SET I = I + 1
[End of Loop]
Step 5: SET N = N - 1
Step 6: EXIT

20
45 23 34 12 56 20 23 12 56 56
45
Data[0] Data[1] Data[2] Data[3] Data[4] Data[5]
Data[0] Data[1] Data[2] Data[3] Data[4] Data[5]
20
Calling DELETE (Data, 6, 2) will lead to the following processing in the 23 12 56 20
45
array
Data[0] Data[1] Data[2] Data[3] Data[4] Data[5]

20
23 12 12 56 23 12 56 20
45 45
Data[0] Data[1] Data[2] Data[3] Data[4] Data[5]
© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.
Data[0] Data[1] Data[2] Data[3] Data[4]
 LINEAR SEARCH

LINEAR_SEARCH(A, N, VAL, POS)

Step 1: [INITIALIZE] SET POS = -1

Step 2: [INITIALIZE] SET I = 0
Step 3: Repeat Step 4 while I<N
Step 4: IF A[I] = VAL, then
SET POS = I
PRINT POS
Go to Step 6
[END OF IF]
[END OF LOOP]
Step 5: PRINT “Value Not Present In The Array”
Step 6: EXIT

BINARY SEARCH

BEG = lower_bound and END = upper_bound

MID = (BEG + END) / 2
If VAL < A[MID], then VAL will be present in the left segment of the array. So,
the value of END will be changed as, END = MID – 1
If VAL > A[MID], then VAL will be present in the right segment of the array. So,
the value of
© BEG
Oxfordwill be changed
University as, BEG
Press 2012. = MID
All rights +1
reserved.
 BINARY_SEARCH(A, lower_bound, upper_bound, VAL, POS)

Step 1: [INITIALIZE] SET BEG = lower_bound, END = upper_bound, POS = -1

Step 2: Repeat Step 3 and Step 4 while BEG <= END
Step 3: SET MID = (BEG + END)/2
Step 4: IF A[MID] = VAL, then
POS = MID
PRINT POS
Go to Step 6
IF A[MID] > VAL then;
SET END = MID - 1
ELSE
SET BEG = MID + 1
[END OF IF]
[END OF LOOP]
Step 5: IF POS = -1, then
PRINTF “VAL IS NOT PRESENT IN THE ARRAY”
[END OF IF]
Step 6: EXIT

int A[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};

and VAL = 9, the algorithm will proceed in the following manner.
BEG = 0, END = 10, MID = (0 + 10)/2 = 5
Now, VAL = 9 and A[MID] = A[5] = 5
A[5] is less than VAL, therefore, we will now search for the value in the later half of the array. So, we change the values of
BEG and MID.
Now, BEG = MID + 1 = 6, END = 10, MID = (6 + 10)/2 =16/2 = 8
Now, VAL = 9 and A[MID] = A[8] = 8
A[8] is less than VAL, therefore, we will now search for the value in the later half of the array. So, again we change the
values of BEG and MID.
Now, BEG = MID + 1 = 9, END = 10, MID = (9 + 10)/2 = 9
Now VAL = 9 and A[MID] = 9. © Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.
Now VAL = 9 and A[MID] = 9.
ONE DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS FOR INTER FUNCTION
1D Arrays For Inter Function Communication
COMMUNICATION

Passing individual elements Passing entire array

Passing individual elements Passing entire array

Passing data values

main() void func(int num)
{ {
int arr[5] ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; printf("%d", num);
func(arr[3]); }
}
Passing addresses
main() void func(int *num)
{ {
int arr[5] ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; printf("%d", num);
func(&arr[3]); }
}
Passing the entire array
main() moid func(int arr[5])
{ {
int arr[5] ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; int i;
func(arr); for(i=0;i<5;i++)
}
© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.
printf("%d", arr[i]);
}
 TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS
● A two dimensional array is specified using two subscripts where one subscript denotes row
and the other denotes column.
● C looks a two dimensional array as an array of a one dimensional array.

First Dimension
A two dimensional array is declared as:
data_type array_name[row_size][column_size];

Therefore, a two dimensional mXn array is an

array that contains m*n data elements and each
element is accessed using two subscripts, i and j
where i<=m and j<=n
Second Dimension
int marks[3][5]

Col 0 Col 1 Col2 Col 3 Col 4

Rows/Columns
Row 0 Marks[0][0] Marks[0][1] Marks[0][2] Marks[0][3] Marks[0][4]
Row 1 Marks[1][0] Marks[1][1] Marks[1][2] Marks[1][3] Marks[1][4]
Row 2 Marks[2][0] Marks[2][1] Marks[2][2] Marks[2][3] Marks[2][4]

Two Dimensional Array

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 MEMORY REPRESENTATION OF A TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAY
There are two ways of storing a 2-D array can be stored in memory. The first way is row major
order and the second is column major order.
In the row major order the elements of the first row are stored before the elements of the second
and third row. That is, the elements of the array are stored row by row where n elements of the
first row will occupy the first nth locations.

(0,0) (0, 1) (0,2) (0,3) (1,0) (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (2,0) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3)

However, when we store the elements in a column major order, the elements of the first column
are stored before the elements of the second and third column. That is, the elements of the
array are stored column by column where n elements of the first column will occupy the first nth
locations.

(0,0) (1,0) (2,0) (3,0) (0,1) (1,1) (2,1 (3,1) (0,2) (1,2) (2,2)
(3,2)

Address(A[I][J] = Base_Address + w{M ( J - 1) + (I - 1)}, if the array elements are stored in column
major order.
And, Address(A[I][J] = Base_Address + w{N ( I - 1) + (J - 1)}, if the array elements are stored in row
major order.
Where, w is the number of words stored per memory location
m, is the number of columns
n, is the number of rows
I and J are the © Oxford University
subscripts Presselement
of the array 2012. All rights reserved.
 TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS CONTD..

● A two dimensional array is initialized in the same was as a single dimensional array is initialized. For example,

int marks[2][3]={90, 87, 78, 68, 62, 71};

int marks[2][3]={{90,87,78},{68, 62, 71}};

Write a program to print the elements of a 2D array

● #include<stdio.h>
● #include<conio.h>
● main()
● {
● int arr[2][2] = {12, 34, 56,32};
● int i, j;
● for(i=0;i<2;i++)
● {
● printf("\n");
● for(j=0;j<2;j++)
● printf("%d\t", arr[i][j]);
● }
● return 0;
● }
© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.
TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS FOR INTER FUNCTION
COMMUNICATION 2D Array for Inter Function Communication

Passing individual elements Passing a row Passing the entire 2D array

There are three ways of passing parts of the two dimensional array to a function. First, we can pass
individual elements of the array. This is exactly same as we passed element of a one dimensional
array.
main()
Passing a row {
int arr[2][3]= ( {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6} };
func(arr[1]);
}

void func(int arr[])

{
int i;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
printf("%d", arr[i] * 10);
}
Passing the entire 2D array
To pass a two dimensional array to a function, we use the array name as the actual parameter.
(The same we did in case of a 1D array). However, the parameter in the called function must
indicate that the array has two dimensions.

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PROGRAM ILLUSTRATING PASSING ENTIRE ARRAY TO A FUNCTION
● #include<stdio.h>
● void read_matrix(int mat[][], int, int);
● void sum_matrix(int mat1[][], int mat2[][], int, int);
● void display_matrix(int mat[5][5], int r, int c);
● int main()
● { int row, col, mat1[5][5], mat2[5][5];
● printf(“\n Enter the number of rows and columns of the matrix : “);
● scanf(“%d %d”, row, col);
● read_matrix(mat1, row, col);
● printf(“\n Enter the second matrix : “);
● read_matrix(mat2, row, col);
● sum_matrix(mat1, mat2, row, col);
● }
● void read_matrix(int mat[5][5], int r, int c)
● { int i, j;
● for(i=0;i<r;i++)
● { for(j=0;j<c;j++)
● { printf(“\n mat[%d][%d] = “);
● scanf(“%d“, &mat[i][j]);
● }
● }
● }
● void sum_matrix(int mat1[5][5], mat2[5][5], int r, int c)
● { int i, j, sum[5][5];
● for(i=0;i<r;i++)
● { for(j=0;j<c;j++)
● sum[i][j] = mat1[i][j] + mat2[i][j];
● }
● display_matrix(sum, r, c);
● }
● void display_matrix(int mat[5][5], int r, int c)
● { int i, j;
● for(i=0;i<r;i++)
● { printf(“\n”);
● for(j=0;j<c;j++)
● printf(“\t mat[%d][%d] = %d“, mat[i][j]);
● }
● }

© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.

 MULTI DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS
● A multi dimensional array is an array of arrays.
● Like we have one index in a single dimensional array, two indices in a two dimensional array, in
the same way we have n indices in a n-dimensional array or multi dimensional array.
● Conversely, an n dimensional array is specified using n indices.
● An n dimensional m1 x m2 x m3 x ….. mn array is a collection m1*m2*m3* ….. *mn elements.
● In a multi dimensional array, a particular element is specified by using n subscripts as A[I1][I2]
[I3]…[In], where,
I1<=M1 I2<=M2 I3 <= M3 ……… In <= Mn

© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.

PROGRAM TO READ AND DISPLAY A 2X2X2 ARRAY

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{ int array1[3][3][3], i, j, k;
printf(“\n Enter the elements of the matrix”);
printf(“\n ******************************”);
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{ for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
for(k=0;k<2;k++)
{
printf(“\n array[%d][ %d][ %d] = ”, i, j, k);
scanf(“%d”, &array1[i][j][k]);
}
}
}
printf(“\n The matrix is : “);
printf(“\n *********************************”)l
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{ printf(“\n\n”);
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
printf(“\n”);
for(k=0;k<2;k++)
printf(“\t array[%d][ %d][ %d] = %d”, i, j, k, array1[i][j]
[k]);
} University Press 2012. All rights reserved.
© Oxford
}
 SPARSE MATRIX
● Sparse matrix is a matrix that has many elements with a value zero.
● In order to efficiently utilize the memory, specialized algorithms and data structures that take
advantage of the sparse structure of the matrix should be used. Otherwise, execution will
slow down and the matrix will consume large amounts of memory.
● There are two types of sparse matrices. In the first type of sparse matrix, all elements above
the main diagonal have a value zero. This type of sparse matrix is also called a (lower)
triagonal matrix. In a lower triangular matrix, Ai,j = 0 where i<j.
● An nXn lower triangular matrix A has one non zero element in the first row, two non zero
element in the second row and likewise, n non zero elements in the nth row.

1
5 3
2 7 -1
3 1 4 2
-9 2 -8 1 7

● In an upper triangular matrix Ai,j = 0 where i>j.

● An nXn upper triangular matrix A has n non zero element in the first row, n-1 non zero element in
the second row and likewise, 1 non zero elements in the nth row.

1 2 3 4 5
3 6 7 8
-1 9 1
9 3
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7
 SPARSE MATRIX CONTD.

● In the second variant of a sparse matrix, elements with a non-zero value can appear only on the
diagonal or immediately above or below the diagonal. This type of matrix is also called a
tridiagonal matrix.
● In a tridiagonal matrix, Ai,j = 0 where | i – j| > 1. Therefore, if elements are present on
● the main diagonal the, it contains non-zero elements for i=j. In all there will be n elements
● diagonal below the main diagonal, it contains non zero elements for i=j+1. In all there will be n-1
elements
● diagonal above the main diagonal, it contains non zero elements for i=j-1. In all there will be n-1
elements
4.1
5.1 2
9 3 1
4 2
2
5
1 9

6 7

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