Delivered By: Namra Mukhtar

Lecturer, USKT
 Course Outlines
BOOK-1
Data Communications and Networking
4th edition
Author: Behrouz A. Forouzan

BOOK-2
COMPUTER NETWORKING
6th edition
Author: James F. Kurose

Email: [email protected]
 Grading Criteria
 3 Assignments
 2 Quizzes
1 Presentation
 Quizzes 10%
 Assignments 10%
 Presentation 10 %
 Attendance 85%
 Mid 30%
 Final 40%
 Contents

 History

 What is Computer Networks

 Host vs Node

 Client vs Server

 Types of Networks

 Network Topologies
 History of Computer Network
• The history of modern computer and device networking goes
back to 1969, when ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network) became the first connected computer
network. It implemented the TCP/IP protocol suite, which
later became the Internet.
• ARPANET, in full Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network, experimental computer network that was the
forerunner of the Internet. The Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA), an arm of the U.S Defense Department,
funded the development of the ARPANET in the late 1960s.
• Its initial purpose was to link computers at Pentagon-funded
research institutions over telephone lines.
 What is Computer Network?
• Computer network: A collection of computing devices that
are connected in various ways in order to communicate and
share resources.
• Usually, the connections between computers in a network are
made using physical wires or cables, However, some
connections are wireless, using radio waves or infrared signals.
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 Computer Network
• Node: A network node is any device participating in a network
but doesn’t necessarily have an IP address. Switches, hubs,
bridges, servers, and printers are all nodes.
• Host: A network host is a computer or other device connected to
a computer network. A host may work as a server offering
information resources, services, and applications to users or
other hosts on the network. Hosts are assigned at least one
network address.
• Data transfer rate: The speed with which data is moved from
one Device to another in the network.
• Internetworking: Communication between networks is called
internetworking
• Challenges/Key Issues: Data transfer rate is a key issue in
computer networks
Host vs Node
 Client vs Server
• Client: client is a machine or a program that requests for services through
the web.
• Server: server is a machine or a program that provides services to the
clients according to the client's requests.

Web server
File server
Peer-to-peer network

• The P2P process deals with a network structure

where any participant in the network known as a
node acts as both a client and a server.
• This means that, rather than relying on a basis server
to supply resources or services, everybody from the
network of nodes can trade resources and services
with one another.
• In a P2P system, every node has an equal role to
play and the same functionalities, which means that
the loads are well shared.

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 Types of Networks

• Personal area network (PAN)

• Local area network (LAN)

• Metropolitan area network (MAN)

• Wide area network (WAN)

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 Personal area network (PAN)

• A personal area network (PAN) connects electronic

devices within a user's immediate area. The size of
a PAN ranges from a few centimeters to a few meters.
 Local area network (LAN)

• Local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together in

one physical location, such as a building, office, or home.
 Metropolitan area network (MAN)

• A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that connects

computers within a metropolitan area, which could be a single large city,
multiple cities.
 Wide area network (WAN)
• A wide area network (also known as WAN), is a large network of
information that is not tied to a single location. WANs can facilitate
communication, the sharing of information and much more between devices
from around the world through a WAN provider.

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 DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Data is a collection of facts, such as numbers, words, measurements,

observations or just descriptions of things. Data communications are
the exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.
 Quantitative data are measures of values or counts and are
expressed as numbers, e.g. He is brown and black.

 Qualitative data are measures of 'types' and may be represented by

a name, symbol, or a number code e.g. He weighs 25.5 kg.
 What is Internet
The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the
world. Through the Internet, people can share information and
communicate from anywhere with an Internet connection.
 What is ISP
 ISP (Internet Service Provider) is an organization that
delivers/provide access to the Internet for business or personal
use.
 The larger ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they
are less dependent on the telecommunication providers and can
provide better service to their customers.
 Among the largest national and regional ISPs are AT&T
WorldNet, IBM Global Network, Netcom, UUNet, and PSINet,
wateen , PTCL
Also described as
IAP (Internet Access
Provider).
 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

Network Access Point

Components of a data communication
system
 DATA FLOW

Simplex:
• In simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way street.
Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other can only receive.
•Keyboards and traditional monitor are examples of simplex devices.
•The keyboard can only introduce input; the monitor can only accept output.
•The simplex mode can use the entire capacity of the channel to send data in one
direction.
 DATA FLOW…

Half-Duplex:
•In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but
not at the same time.
•When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice
versa.
•The half-duplex mode is like a one-lane road with traffic allowed in
both directions.
•When cars are traveling in one directions, cars going the other way
must wait.
Walkie-talkies are half-duplex systems.
 DATA FLOW…

Full-Duplex:
In full-duplex mode (also called duplex), both stations can
transmit and receive simultaneously.
The full-duplex mode is like a two-way street with traffic
flowing in both directions at the same time. In full-duplex mode,
signals going in one direction share the capacity of the link with
signals going in the other direction.
One common example of full-duplex communication is the
telephone network.
 Physical Structures

• Type of Connection
• Point to Point:
single transmitter and receiver
• Multipoint:
multiple recipients of single transmission
• Physical Topology
• Connection of devices
• Type of transmission:
Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast
 Type Of Connections

• Point-to-Point:
A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated link between two
devices.
The entire capacity of the link is reserved for transmission between
those two devices. Most point-to-point connections use an actual
length of wire or cable to connect the two ends, but other options,
such as microwave or satellite links, are also possible.
When you change television channels by infrared remote control,
you are establishing a point-to-point connection between the remote
control and the television’s control system.
 Type Of Connections

• MultiPoint:
A Multipoint connection (also called multidrop) connection is one in
which more than definite devices share a single link.
In a multipoint environment, the capacity of the channel is shared,
either spatially or temporally. If several devices can use the link
simultaneously, it is a spatially shares connection. If users must take
turns, it is a timeshared connection.
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 Network Topologies
Geometric representation of how the computers are connected to each
other is known as topology. There are following types of topologies:
I.Point to point Topology

II.Star Topology

III. Bus Topology

IV. Ring Topology

V.Tree Topology

VI.Mesh Topology

VII. Hybrid Topology

 Point to Point Topology

• Point to Point topology is the simplest topology that connects two

nodes directly together with a common link
 Star Topology
• Star topology is a network topology where each individual piece of a
network is attached to a central node (often called a hub or switch).
 STAR TOPOLOGY

The devices are not directly linked to one another.

Unlike a mesh topology, a star topology does not
allow direct traffic between devices.
The controller acts as an exchange: if one device
wants to send data to another, it sends the data to the
controller, which then spreads the data to the other
connected device.
 STAR Topology…

Advantage:
o A star topology is less expensive than a mesh topology.
o In a star, each device need only one link and one I/O port to connect it
to any number of others. This factor also makes it easy to install and
reconfigure.
o Far less cabling needs to be housed and additions, moves and deletions
involves only one connection: between that device and the hub.
o Easy fault identification and fault isolation.
Disadvantage:
o The dependency of the whole topology on one single point, the hub. If
the hub goes down, the whole system is dead.

The star topology is used in local-area networks(LANs).

High-speed LANs often use a star topology with a central hub.
 Bus Topology
• A bus topology is a topology for a Local Area Network (LAN) in
which all the nodes are connected to a single cable
 BUS Topology

 A bus topology, on the other hand, is multipoint.

 One long cable acts a as backbone to link all the devices in a
network.
 Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps.
 A drop line is a connection running between the device and the
main cable.
 A tap is a connector that either splices into the main cable or
punctures the sheathing of a cable to create a contact with the
metallic core.
 As a signal travels along the backbone, some of its energy is
transformed into heat. Therefore , it becomes weaker and weaker
as it travels farther and farther.
 For this reason there is limit on the number of taps a bus can
support and on the distance between those taps.
BUS Topology…
 BUS Topology…
Advantage:
Ease of installation. Backbone cable can lay along the
most efficient path, then connected to the nodes by
drop lines of various length. In this way, bus uses less
cabling than mesh and star topologies.
Disadvantage:
Difficult reconnection and fault isolation.
 Ring Topology

• A ring network is a network topology in which each node

connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a single
continuous pathway for signals through each node like a ring.
Data travels from node to node, with each node along the way
handling every packet.
Advantages of Ring Topology

1.Easy to Install & Expand – Adding new devices is

straightforward as each device is circularly connected to two
others.
2.Equal Access to Network – Every device has the same
opportunity to transmit data, reducing the chances of data
collision.
3.Efficient for Large Networks – Data flows in a predictable
direction, improving efficiency in networks with high traffic.
4.Fast Data Transmission – Since data travels in a single
direction (unidirectional or bidirectional in dual-ring
topology), delays are minimized.

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Disadvantages of Ring Topology

1.Single Point of Failure – If one node or cable fails, the

entire network can go down (unless a dual-ring topology is
used).
2.Difficult Troubleshooting – Identifying the exact point of
failure can be complex.
3.Slower Compared to Star Topology – Data must pass
through multiple devices before reaching its destination,
increasing latency.
4.Adding or Removing Devices Disrupts Network – Since
all devices are connected in a ring, any changes can interrupt
communication.

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 Mesh Topology
• In mesh topology each device is connected to every other device
on the network through a dedicated point-to-point link. When we
say dedicated, it means that the link only carries data for the two
connected devices only.
 MESH TOPOLOGY

Every device has dedicated point-to-point link to every other

device.
The term dedicated means that the link carries traffic only
between the two devices it connects.
To find the number of physical links in a fully connected mesh
network.

Formula: n(n-1)/2
MESH TOPOLGY…
 MESH TOPOLGY…

Advantages:
Dedicated links guarantee that each connection can carry its data
load, thus eliminating the traffic problems that can occur when
multiple devices must share links.
Mesh topology is robust. If one link becomes unusable, it does
not incapacitate the entire system.
There is the advantage of privacy or security. When every
message travels along a dedicated line, only the intended
recipient sees it.
Disadvantages:
A large amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports are
required, because every device must be connected to every
other device, installation and reconnection are difficult.
The hardware required to connect each link(I/O ports and cable)
can be prohibitively expensive.
Topology?
 Hybrid Topology
• A combination of two or more topology is known as hybrid
topology. For example, a combination of star and mesh topology is
known as hybrid topology.

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 Tree Topology
• A tree network, or star-bus network, is a hybrid network topology
in which star networks are interconnected via bus networks. Tree
networks are hierarchical, and each node can have an arbitrary
number of child nodes.
Any Question?