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Human Chromosomes

The document discusses human chromosomes, focusing on karyotypes, which display the complete set of chromosomes in pairs. It explains the differences between male and female karyotypes, inheritance patterns of human traits, and the use of pedigrees to analyze these traits. Additionally, it covers concepts such as sex-linked inheritance, codominance, and X-chromosome inactivation.

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2 views13 pages

Human Chromosomes

The document discusses human chromosomes, focusing on karyotypes, which display the complete set of chromosomes in pairs. It explains the differences between male and female karyotypes, inheritance patterns of human traits, and the use of pedigrees to analyze these traits. Additionally, it covers concepts such as sex-linked inheritance, codominance, and X-chromosome inactivation.

Uploaded by

mostafa.kamel1212009
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Human Chromosomes

Learning Objectives
 Describe how human karyotypes are used.
 Explain the patterns of the inheritance that human traits follow.
 Identify how pedigrees can be used to analyze human inheritance.
So how is karyotype prepared ?
Karyotypes
A genome is the full set
of genetic information
that an organism carries
in its DNA. The analysis
of any genome starts
with chromosomes.

A karyotype shows the


complete diploid set of
chromosomes grouped
together in pairs,
arranged in order of
decreasing size.
Male vs Female Karyotype
Sex Chromosomes
Two of the chromosomes
in the human genome are
sex chromosomes.
 Females:
two X chromosomes
 Males:
one X chromosome;
one Y chromosome
More than 1400 genes
are found on the human
X chromosome.
The human Y chromosome
contains only about
158 genes.
Autosomal Chromosomes

The other 22 pairs of


non-sex chromosomes
are called autosomal
chromosomes or
autosomes.

Male = 46, XY
Female = 46, XX
Transmission of Human Traits
Many human traits follow a
pattern of simple dominance.

 For example, the gene MC1R


helps determine skin and hair
color.
 Some of MC1R’s recessive
alleles produce red hair.
 An individual with red hair
usually has two of these
recessive alleles.
Codominant and Multiple Alleles
The alleles for many human genes display codominant
inheritance.
Sex-Linked Inheritance
 The X and Y chromosomes determine sex.
 The genes located on them show sex linkage.
 Colorblindness is a sex-linked trait
X-Chromosome Inactivation
Most genes in one of the X chromosomes are switched off,
forming a region known as a Barr body.
 Female calico cats are
tri-colored.
 The color of spots on
their fur is controlled by a
gene on the X
chromosome.
Human Pedigrees
A pedigree chart shows the relationships within a family.
Human Pedigrees
The information from pedigree analysis makes it possible to
determine the nature of genes and alleles associated with
inherited human traits.

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