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BTC301_3a

The document outlines the academic study materials for a course on Cell Biology and Genetics, covering topics such as cell organization, genetics, cell signaling, and the cell cycle. It emphasizes the mechanisms of cell communication through extracellular signals and the role of receptors and intracellular signaling pathways. Additionally, it discusses the importance of specificity and precision in intracellular signaling processes.

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Snehasis
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14 views26 pages

BTC301_3a

The document outlines the academic study materials for a course on Cell Biology and Genetics, covering topics such as cell organization, genetics, cell signaling, and the cell cycle. It emphasizes the mechanisms of cell communication through extracellular signals and the role of receptors and intracellular signaling pathways. Additionally, it discusses the importance of specificity and precision in intracellular signaling processes.

Uploaded by

Snehasis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The study materials/presentations are solely meant for academic purposes and they can be reused,

reproduced, modified, and distributed by others for academic purposes only with proper
acknowledgements.
BTC301 Cell Biology and Genetics

Internal Organization of the cell:

Classical Genetics Cells as experimental models, Cells and cellular organelles, Tools of cell
biology- Microscopy and cell Architecture, Purification of cells, Membrane
Mendelian inheritance, Euploidy and structure, Membrane Transport of small molecules and electrical properties
of membranes
aneuploidy , Genetic interactions

Cytoskeleton and cell movement


Structure and organization of actin filaments, Actin myosin and cell
movement, intermediate filaments, microtubules, microtubule motors and
Molecular Genetics movements, cell-cell interactions
Split and Overlapping genes, Transposons &
Retrotransposons, Mutation, DNA Repair Cell signalling
and human diseases, Recombination Signaling molecules and their receptors, function of cell
surface receptors, pathways of intracellular signal
transduction, signal transduction and the cytoskeleton,
signalling in development and differentiation

Cell cycle and cancer


Eukaryotic cell cycle, meiosis and fertilization, stem cells, Development and
causes of cancer, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes
• Both unicellular and multicellular organisms has developed mechanisms for responding to physical and
chemical changes in their environment.
• The cells of multicellular organisms detect and respond to countless internal and extracellular signals
that control their growth, division, and differentiation during development, as well as their behavior in
adult tissues
• The study of cell signaling has traditionally focused on the mechanisms by which eukaryotic cells
communicate with each other using extracellular signal molecules such as hormones and growth
factors.
• Communication between cells in multicellular organisms is mediated mainly by extracellular signal
molecules.
• Extracellular Signals Can Act Over Short or Long Distances
• The fundamental features of cell signaling have been conserved throughout the evolution of the
eukaryotes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylNm1FVk9bI
Image: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/listening-to-bacteria-833979/
• Most cells in multicellular organisms both emit and receive signals.
• Reception of the signals depends on receptor proteins, usually (but not always) at the cell surface,
which bind the signal molecule.
• The binding activates the receptor, which in turn activates one or more intracellular signaling
pathways or systems.
• These systems depend on intracellular signaling proteins, which process the signal inside the receiving
cell and distribute it to the appropriate intracellular targets.
• The targets that lie at the end of signaling pathways are generally called effector proteins, which are
altered in some way by the incoming signal and implement the appropriate change in cell behaviour.
• Depending on the signal and the type and state of the receiving cell, these effectors can be
transcription regulators, ion channels, components of a metabolic pathway, or parts of the
cytoskeleton
Different kinds of signalling

Autocrine

Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science, 6th Edition


Cell surface and intracellular
receptors

Extracellular signalling molecules may be proteins, peptides, acids,


nucleotides, steroids, retinoids, fatty acid derivatives, and even dissolved
gases such as nitric oxide and carbon monoxide.

Regardless of the nature of the signal, the target cell responds by means
of a receptor, which binds the signal molecule and then initiates a
response in the target cell.

Many signal molecules act at very low concentrations


(typically ≤ 10–8 M), and their receptors usually bind them with high
affinity (dissociation constant Kd ≤ 10–8 M)

Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science, 6th Edition


Same molecule, different signalling, different outcomes

Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science, 6th Edition


Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science, 6th Edition
The Ligand

Image: https://www.khanacademy.org/
Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science, 6th Edition
Processing multiple signals –combination of ligands

Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science, 6th Edition


The Receptor

Image: https://www.khanacademy.org/
Three Major Classes of Cell-Surface Receptor Proteins

Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science, 6th Edition


Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science, 6th Edition
Ligands and intracellular receptors

Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science, 6th Edition


Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science, 6th Edition
Relay of signals

Image: https://www.khanacademy.org/
• Second messengers
• Intracellular proteins
Molecular switches
 Protein phosphorylation
 GTP binding
 Other modification
Some intracellular signaling molecules are small chemicals, which are often called second messengers (the “first
messengers” being the extracellular signals).

They are generated in large amounts in response to receptor activation and diffuse away from their source, spreading the
signal to other parts of the cell. Some, such as cyclic AMP and Ca2+, are water-soluble and diffuse in the cytosol, while
others, such as diacylglycerol, are lipid-soluble and diffuse in the plane of the plasma membrane.

In either case, they pass the signal on by binding to and altering the behavior of selected signaling or effector proteins.

Most intracellular signaling molecules are proteins, which help relay the signal into the cell by either generating second
messengers or activating the next signaling or effector protein in the pathway. Many of these proteins behave like
molecular switches.

The largest class of molecular switches consists of proteins that are activated OR inactivated by phosphorylation

Many intracellular signaling proteins controlled by phosphorylation are themselves protein kinases, and these are often
organized into kinase cascades. In such a cascade, one protein kinase, activated by phosphorylation, phosphorylates the
next protein kinase in the sequence, and so on, relaying the signal onward and, in some cases, amplifying it or spreading
it to other signaling pathways

Some signaling proteins are switched on or off by the binding of another signaling protein or a second messenger such as
cyclic AMP or Ca2+
Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science, 6th Edition
Specific regulatory proteins control both types of GTP-binding proteins

Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science, 6th Edition


• Intracellular Signals Must Be Specific and Precise in a Noisy Cytoplasm
• Relay pathways can also be inhibitory
Relay pathways can also be inhibitory

Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science, 6th Edition

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