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Reproduction and Development

Reproduction is a biological process essential for the continuation of species, occurring either sexually or asexually in plants and animals. Asexual reproduction in plants includes vegetative propagation, while sexual reproduction occurs in the flower's sexual organs. In animals, asexual reproduction includes methods like fission, budding, and fragmentation, while sexual reproduction involves gametogenesis, mating, and fertilization, providing genetic variation and adaptability to environments.

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Reproduction and Development

Reproduction is a biological process essential for the continuation of species, occurring either sexually or asexually in plants and animals. Asexual reproduction in plants includes vegetative propagation, while sexual reproduction occurs in the flower's sexual organs. In animals, asexual reproduction includes methods like fission, budding, and fragmentation, while sexual reproduction involves gametogenesis, mating, and fertilization, providing genetic variation and adaptability to environments.

Uploaded by

Penge Lima
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is reproduction?

Reproduction is an essential characteristic of


organisms to perpetuate their kind.
Plants and animals can reproduce either sexually
or asexually.

Reproduction is the biological mechanism by


which the parents create new species known
as the offspring.
PLANT REPRODUCTION

a. Asexual Reproduction in Plants

Vegetative propagation---this process of


asexual reproduction takes place in the stems
of certain plants from certain buds that
emerge on their leaves or stems, giving rise to
new plants.
B. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
B. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
In what part of the flower do you think
sexual reproduction occurs?

Sexual reproduction occurs in the


sexual organs of the flower.
B. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
B. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
B. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
B. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
B. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
What do you think is the main purpose of fruits?
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
a. Asexual Reproduction in Animals

The type of reproduction in animals that reproduce


asexually are commonly found among lower forms of
organisms such as protists, cnidarians, hydra,
amoeba, and some complex animals. The resulting
offspring are identical to the parent in terms of
characteristics.
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
Why asexual reproduction is also called ‘clonal
reproduction’?
Three mechanisms for how asexual reproduction mitosis
occurs to unicellular organisms showing the exact copy
of the parent.
1.Fission – involves the division of the body into two
or more equal parts. Example: Amoeba and
Paramecium.
2.Budding – a new individual arises as an outgrowth (bud) from its
parent. The new outgrowth can become an independent animal or
may remain attached to the parent forming a colony.
Example: Hydra
3.Fragmentation – the body breaks into two or more parts, with
each fragment capable of becoming a complete individual.
Example: Starfish and Earthworms.
Some parasitic worms reproduce asexually during certain
stages of their life

Parthenogenesis (Parthenos-virgin; genesis-


birth)
is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which the
embryo develops directly from an egg without need for
fertilization.

Some species like flatworms, roundworms


annelids, crustaceans, insects, fishes, and some
reptiles
B. Sexual Reproduction in Animals
Sexual reproduction in animals occurs in three
fundamental steps:
1. Gametogenesis : production of gametes
2. Spawning or mating: bringing gametes
together
3. Fertilization: fusion of gametes (external
fertilization or internal fertilization)
B. Sexual Reproduction in Animals

Most numbers of vertebrates, earthworms, and


some fishes are hermaphrodites. Few vertebrates,
many fishes and some lizards undergo the process
of sequential.
Animals like cnidarians develop temporary reproductive organ
known as gonads during fall (mating season). The rest of the
animals in the kingdom has permanent reproductive organs,
such as testis (produce sperm) and ovaries (produce eggs).
The reproductive systems of animals have accessory ducts
and organs that aid the reproductive process of bringing the
gametes together.
B. Sexual Reproduction in Animals
The advantages of sexual reproduction

(1)produces genetic variation in the offspring;

(2) the species can adapt to new environments due to


variation, which gives them a survival advantage, and

(3) a disease is less likely to affect all the individuals in


a population
The only disadvantages of sexual reproduction are time and energy are needed to
find a mate and it is not possible for an isolated individual to reproduce.

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