Subpart R – Steel Erection

Final Rule
• The Steel Erection Final Rule was
published on January 18, 2001
• Effective date:
• January 18, 2002
• Painted surfaces provision - 2006
 Subpart R – Steel Erection
• Scope
Final Rule
• Metal Buildings
– §1926.750
– §1926.758 Systems-
• Definitions
engineered Metal
– §1926.751
Buildings
• Site Preparation
• (Non-Hoist) Overhead
– §1926.752 Site Layout and
Hazards
Construction Sequence
• Cranes – §1926.759 Falling Object
Protection
– §1926.753 Hoisting and
Rigging • Fall Protection
• Structural Stability – §1926.760 Fall Protection
– §1926.754 Structural Steel (for connectors, deckers,
Assembly and all others
– §1926.755 Column Anchorage • Training
– §1926.756 Beams and – §1926.761 Training
Columns (general and specialized)
– §1926.757 Open Web Steel
 §1926.750 Scope

• The standard
covers all
employers
engaged in steel
erection
activities
§1926.750 Scope
 §1926.750 Scope

• There are two lists of activities

 Primary: All activities in .750(b)(1) are
covered (connecting, bracing, guying…)
 Ancillary: All listed in .750(b)(2) are
covered “when they occur during and are a
part of steel erection activities”
(sealing, caulking, elevator beams…)
 Scope (cont.)
Does not include:
• Electrical
transmission towers,
• communication and
broadcast towers,
• Tanks

Ironworker using rope grabs to

make tower connection.
 §1926.750 (c) Specific
Controlling Contractor Duties
• Written notification to the steel
erector:
– Concrete in piers/walls is cured re: ASTM
spec
– Anchor bolt modifications/repairs approved
by project engineer (.752(a) and .755(b)
 §1926.750(c) Specific
Controlling Contractor Duties
• Adequate on-site
access roads
[.752(c)]
Before and after photos
 §1926.750(c) Specific
Controlling Contractor Duties
• Preclude work below steel erection
unless there is overhead protection
[.759(b)]
• Choose whether to accept responsibility
for maintaining fall protection equipment
left by erector (otherwise it must be
removed) [.760(e)]
 Definitions
• Anchored bridging means that the
steel joist bridging is connected to a
bridging terminus point.
• Bridging terminus point means a
wall, a beam, tandem joists (with all
bridging installed and a horizontal
truss in the plane of the top chord)
or other element at an end or
intermediate point(s) of a line of
bridging that provides an anchor
point for the steel joist bridging.
 Definitions
• Bolted diagonal
bridging means
diagonal bridging
that is bolted to a
steel joist or joists.
 Definitions

• Choker means a
wire rope or
synthetic fiber
rigging assembly
that is used to
attach a load to a
hoisting device.
 Definitions
• Column means a
load-carrying
vertical member
that is part of the
primary skeletal
framing system.
Columns do not
include posts. Column
Post
 Definitions
• Connector means an
employee who,
working with hoisting
equipment, is placing
and connecting
structural members
and/or components.
 Definitions
• Controlled Decking Zone (CDZ) means an
area in which work may take place without the
use of guardrail systems, personal fall arrest
systems, fall restraint systems, or safety net
systems and where access to the zone is
controlled.
 §1926.752 Site Layout, Erection
Plan and Construction Sequence
• Approval to begin
steel erection
• Before steel erection
begins, controlling
contractor provides
steel erector with
written notifications:
– Concrete in footings,
walls is 75% ASTM
cured
 §1926.752 Site Layout, Erection
Plan and Construction Sequence

• Steel erection
contractor does
not begin until he
has received
notification from
the controlling
contractor
 §1926.752 Site Layout, Erection
Plan and Construction Sequence
• Site layout. The
controlling contractor
shall ensure that the
following is provided
and maintained:
– Adequate access roads
– A firm properly graded
area
 §1926.752 Site Layout, Erection
Plan and Construction Sequence

• Pre-planning of
overhead hoisting
operations
• Site-specific erection
plan (Appendix A)
 §1926.753 Hoisting and
Rigging
• Pre-shift visual inspection of cranes:
– All controls and drive mechanism
– Safety devices and pressurized lines
 §1926.753 Hoisting and
Rigging
• Hooks & wire ropes
• Electrical
• Tires
• Ground conditions
 §1926.753 Hoisting and
Rigging
• Hoisting equipment
removed from service
until hazards are
corrected.
• Crane operator has
final call
• “Qualified rigger”
inspects rigging prior
to each shift
• Cannot ride the ball
 §1926.753 Hoisting and
Rigging
• Only connectors and
riggers allowed under
loads & loads rigged to
prevent unintentional
displacement
• All loads rigged by
qualified rigger
§1926.753 Hoisting and
Rigging
• Prescribes proper
procedure for multiple
(lifts “christmas-treeing”
“multiple lift rigging
procedure)
• Maximum of 5 pieces
• Only similar type lifted
(no decking bundles)
 §1926.753 Hoisting and
Rigging
• Employees trained in
procedure
• Multiple lift assembly rigged
rigged from at
used is that the top least 7
manufactured by a wire down feet
apart
rope rigging supplier
• Crane manufacturer
attached at their
does not prohibit it center of gravity
[.760 (e)(1)] and maintained
level
Typical Multiple
Lift Rigging
Assembly A D
What do you need
to know?
E (shackle)
• How much does
each piece weigh? B
F (hook)
• What size slings?
• What size and type of G
hooks? C H (shackle)
I (hook)
• What size of
shackles?
 §1926.754 Structural Steel Assembly
• 8 Floors max.. between
erection floor & uppermost
permanent floor.
• Max 4 floors unfinished
bolting
• Fully decked or nets within
two floors or 30 feet under
erection work
 §1926.754 Structural Steel Assembly
• Metal deck
openings turned
down
• Holes cut
immediately prior
to filling
• No shear
connectors on
beams until
walking surface
installed
Shear connectors
installed after
decking has been
installed
 §1926.754 Structural Steel Assembly
• Plumbing up to
ensure stability of
structure
• Installed before
constructions are
placed on structure
• Removed only with
approval of
competent person
 §1926.754 Structural Steel Assembly
• No hoisting using bundle straps or bands
• Loose items secured
• Land decking joists according to 757(e)(4)
• Secure at end of shift if necessary
 §1926.754 Structural Steel Assembly

•Holes covered
•Covers secured
•Twice anticipated load
•Marked ‘Cover’ or ‘Hole’

No secured, nor marked to indicate

the opening.
 §1926.754 Structural Steel Assembly

• Smoke dome or skylight

fixtures that have been
installed, are not
considered covers unless
they meet the strength
requirements
• Decking holes around
columns protected
 §1926.754 Structural Steel Assembly

• Decking laid tight

and immediately
secured
• Placed for full
structural support
• Derrick floors fully
planked & bolted
 §1926.755 Column Anchorage
• 4 anchor bolts per
column 18 in 0
lb
.
30
• Withstand 300 lb.
eccentric gravity
load from 18 inches
at column top
§1926.755 Column Anchorage
• Columns set on floors,
plates, or packs
adequate to transfer
construction loads
• Evaluated by CP to
determine if bracing is
needed
 §1926.755 Column Anchorage
• Structural engineer of record must approve any
repair or modifications to anchor rods
• Written notification from CC prior to column erection
for any repair or modification
 §1926.756 Beams and Columns

• Two bolts per

connection prior to
releasing hoisting
line
• Solid web members
for diagonal bracing
one bolt wrench tight
min
 §1926.756 Beams and Columns
• Requires one bolt to
remain connected for
double connections
unless seat or
equivalent used
• Seats for double
connections shall be
designed for the load
during the double
connection process
 §1926.756 Beams and Columns
• In order to make the
“double connection”:
• The connector has to
back out the bolts
• hold the beam in place
with a spud wrench (fig.
1)
• When second beam
arrives, align and hold it
with a spud wrench
• Push bolts back through
first beam into second
beam and secure in
place.
 §1926.756 Beams and Columns
• Double connections
at columns and/or at
beam webs over a
column: At least one Staggered Connection
bolt or similar
connection device
must be present
(e.g., a beam seat,
etc..)
Clipped Connection
 §1926.756 Beams and Columns
• Requirements to
facilitate quick
installation of
perimeter safety
cables:
– Perimeter columns
extend 48 inches
– Have holes at 42 to
45 for perimeter
cable installation
Column
splices to lb
.
18 in 0
30
withstand
300 lb.
force from
18 inches
 §1926.757 Open Web Steel Joists
• Joists field bolted at columns unless columns
framed in at least two directions
• Vertical stabilizer plate provided on each column for
joists
 §1926.757 Open Web Steel Joists
• Hoisting cables not
be released until
joist is field bolted.
• A vertical stabilizer
plate required for
each column for
steel joists.
• Joist placement not at a column:
– Alternate means used to stabilize joists on both sides of
the column
– Erection procedures designed by qualified person
– Provides for joist stability
– Shop installed connections
– On erection drawings
– Hoisting cables not released until both ends bolted and
joist is stabilized
Steel joists at or near columns, span
60 feet or less, joist designed with
sufficient strength to allow one
employee to release the hoisting
cable without the need for erection
bridging.
Steel joists at or near columns span more than 60
feet joists set in tandem with all bridging installed
A steel joist or steel
joist girder shall not
be placed on any
support structure
unless such
structure is
stabilized.
 §1926.757 Open Web Steel Joists
• Except for steel joists that
have been assembled
into panels, connections
of individual steel joists to
steel structures in bays
40 feet or more shall be
fabricated to allow for
field bolting during
erection. [1926.757(8)(i)]
 §1926.757 Open Web Steel Joists

On steel joists that do not require erection bridging under

Tables A and B, only one employee shall be allowed on the
joist until all bridging is installed and anchored.
Steel joists and steel joist girders shall not be used as
anchorage points for a fall arrest system unless written
approval to do so is obtained from a qualified person.
 §1926.758 Systems-Engineered
Metal Buildings
Rigid frames shall have
50% of their bolts or
the number specified
by manufacturer
installed and tightened
on both sides of the
web adjacent to each
flange before hoisting
equipment is released.
 §1926.758 Systems-Engineered
Metal Buildings
• Construction loads
shall not be placed
on any structural
steel framework
unless such
framework is safely
bolted, welded or
otherwise
adequately secured.
 §1926.759 Falling Object Protection

• Secure loose items

aloft
• Controlling contractor
to bar operations below
steel erection unless
falling object protection
provided (from objects
other than hoisted
materials)
 §1926.760 Fall Protection
• All must be
protected at
heights greater
than 2 stories or
30 feet, including
connectors and
deckers.
 §1926.760 Fall Protection (cont.)

• Perimeter
cables required
as soon as
decking is
installed
 §1926.760 Fall Protection (cont.)
• Between 15 and 30
feet: Fall protection
required for all with
exceptions for:
– Deckers in controlled
decking zone (CDZ) and
– Connectors
– Connectors must be
provided and wear
equipment necessary to
be able to be tied-off, or
to be provided with other
means of fall protection
 §1926.760 Fall Protection (cont.)
• Controlled Decking Zone (CDZ). A controlled
decking zone may be established in that area of the
structure over 15 and up to 30 feet above a lower
level
 §1926.760 Fall Protection (cont.)
CDZ shall not be more than
90 feet wide and 90 feet
deep from any leading edge.
CDZ marked by the use of
control lines

Unsecured decking in a
CDZ 3,000 square feet
max..
 §1926.760 Fall Protection (cont.)

• Guardrail systems
and safety net
systems must meet
1926.502 criteria.

Guardrails and nets used at

opening in back.

Note: ladder not long enough

 §1926.760 Fall Protection (cont.)
Custody of Fall
Protection Equipment
– Controlling contractor
must choose to either:
– Accept responsibility for
maintaining all
protection equipment left
by erector,
– OR ensure that it is
removed [.760(e)]
 §1926.761 Training
• Qualified person to
train workers in use
& operation of fall
protection
equipment
• Qualified person to
train workers
engaged in specific
activities:
– “christmas-treeing”
– connecting
– CDZ procedures
 OSHA’s Web Site

• The complete standard can be obtained

from our web site at www.osha.gov.